Tilapia Aquaculture

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Tilapia Aquaculture

• Barry A. Costa-Pierce
• Department of Fisheries, Animal Veterinary
  Science
• University of Rhode Island

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Costa-Pierce, B. J. Rakocy. Tilapia
Aquaculture in the Americas Volume 1 2 (1997,
2000) World Aquaculture Society
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Tilapiine Fish of the Genera Oreochromis,
Sarotherodon Tilapia (Trewavas 1983)

• Oreochromis
• maternal
• mouthbrooders
• Sarotherodon
• biparental
• mouthbrooders
• Tilapia
• substrate spawners
• (guarders)

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Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus
Saline-tolerant coastal estuaries
35 degrees South
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Wami River tilapia Oreochromis urolepis
hornorum
O. urolepis
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Blue tilapia Oreochromis aureus
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Supraspecies Concept Evolution
Blue tilapia
Oreochromis aureus

• Widely distributed species considered ancient
  that is falling apart due to the recent drying
  of Africa, caused stock isolation and speciation.
• Allopatric and Sympatric speciation.
• BUT newly isolated populations still
  reproductively compatible due to recent
  divergence in captivity produce reproductively
  viable hybrids use of external morpohometric
  characterizations useless

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Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus
Exotic species South of 100
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Lake Victoria niloticus
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Karonga tilapia Oreochromis karongae
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Cold tolerances for Oreochromis mossambicus
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Salinity tolerances for Oreochromis mossambicus
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Tilapia Feeding Ecology Reidel, R.
Costa-Pierce, B.A. 2002. Journal of Applied
Ichthyology, in review.
Summer
Spring
Stomach pH
Fall
Winter
Dusk
Night
Dusk
Dawn
Night
Dawn
Mid PM
Mid AM
Mid PM
Mid AM
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Market-driven development
Tilapia Aquaculture Technology
70-80s
Markets
90-2010s
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Tilapia aquaculture

• Second most important farmed fish after the carps
• Most widely grown of any farmed fish
• Asian countries are major producers and consumers

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Tilapia (May 25, 2005 Madrid Daily)

• Europe is following US trend of adopting tilapia
  as replacement for traditional fishes

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Global production of tilapia
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Top Ten Seafoods (U.S.)per capita (lbs)
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US Tilapia consumption (imports and
domestic)229,000 mt of live weight (equivalent)
- 2004 306,410 mt of live weight (equivalent)
2005368,295 mt of live weight (equivalent) 2006
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23,101 mt fresh fillets, 74,381 mt frozen
fillets, 60,772 mt whole frozen (2006)
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241,205,610 (2003) 297,413,000 (2004)
392,978,298 (2005) 482,742,515 (2006)
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Tilapia (June 2007, Tesco, UK)

• 18 US per kg whole fish!!!!

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IQF Fillets in re-sealable packages
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Tilapia Orange Juice
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Global Tilapia Market Trends

• Prices have been constant, only fresh fillets
  have increased slightly, will not see increases
  with inflation

/kg
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Future global tilapia aquaculture
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Current Global Market Trends

• Increase in demand for all forms of tilapia
• Demand increase will be greatest for frozen
  fillets
• Demand increase will be significant for fresh
  fillets
• High profit margin for prepared meals assembled
  and packaged in developing countries

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Tilapia the Green farmed fish

• Herbivore / omnivore, low trophic level feeder
• Algae, bacteria, and detritus (bioflocs) are
  important food sources
• Prepared feeds are mostly grains and ag
  by-products
• Promoted by aid agencies and NGOs
• Dr. M. Gupta awarded World Food Prize for
  promotion of tilapia aquaculture, June 10, 2005
• Disease resistant and tolerant of poor water
  quality. Antibiotics and chemicals are not
  needed for commercial farming.

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Begin quality control on the farm

• Reduce or eliminate use of drugs and chemicals
• Consider alternatives to methyltestosterone
• Use high quality feeds, proper ratio of protein,
  carbohydrates and fat (minimize fatty deposits)
• No contaminates in feed
• Maintain water quality, avoid polluted water
• Control algae blooms and off-flavor

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Tilapia research focus
1980-90s
2000-20s
Genetics Feeds
1. obtain develop new genetic stocks
genetic manipulation
decrease production costs
2. increase market value
3. Market research focus industry
segmentation organization market expansion
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Improved Strains of Red Snapper
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Obtaining New Genetic Stocks
Why? Small founder stock sizes susceptibility
to diseases unknown environmental genetic
tolerances of mixtures

• Oreochromis niloticus (growth, size)
• O. karongae (growth, size)
• O. aureus (cold tolerance)
• O. mossambicus (salinity cold tolerances)
• O. urolepis (growth, salinity cold)

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Oreochromis mossambicus in USA
1962
Arizona
Oklahoma
?
1963
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?
?
lt 1953
1953
Hawaii
California
Alabama
?
?
1951
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Singapore (Malaya) 5 fish recd?
?
?
Subsaharan Africa
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International Cooperation with Africa

• Obtaining new genetic materials for global stock
  improvements
• University scholarship program funded by
  industries who participate
• Accelerated on-farm aquaculture farming
  systems RD in Africa
• Building infrastructure in Africa
• Developing human resources in Africa