Marine Integrated Aquaculture

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Marine Integrated Aquaculture

• Kevin Fitzsimmons, Ph.D.
• Professor, University of Arizona
• American Soybean Association
• Past President World Aquaculture Society
• Karachi, Pakistan
• 9 March, 2012

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Overview

• Global perspective on sustainable aquaculture
• Production systems
• Polyculture of fish, bivalves, seaweeds, and
  crustaceans
• Future trends

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Several models

• Fish and seaweed in cages
• Seaweeds in shrimp pond
• Fish in cages in shrimp farm supply reservoirs
• Fish and shrimp in crop rotation
• Tilapia to treat/re-use shrimp effluent

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Tilapia - shrimp polyculture
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Philippines - Early adoption of polyculture

• Severe disease outbreaks in shrimp industry in
  1990s
• Major producer of tilapia
• Developed tilapia-shrimp polyculture system on
  Negros Island
• Crop-rotation, tilapia in cages/hapas, and
  tilapia in reservoir
• Have been operating for 10 years

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Tilapia-shrimp farm in Sonora, Mexico
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Fish-shrimp production in Ecuador and Peru

• Supplementing shrimp because of white spot and
  other shrimp diseases
• Crop rotation, tilapia in supply reservoirs
• Using shrimp infrastructure
• Exporting tilapia to US and EU

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Tilapia production in Ecuador and shrimp viral
infections
White Spot
Taura
IHHN
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• Tilapia production in outside ponds with shrimp
  in covered ponds (Ecuador)

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Tilapia-shrimp-halophytes Eritrea
Salicornia
Mangroves
Mangroves
Salicornia
Shrimp / tilapia ponds
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Shrimp-fish systems
Tilapia cages in shrimp pond, Thailand

• Tilapia hapa in shrimp pond, Thailand

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Brackish water fish seaweeds and bivalves
Snapper, seabass, grouper cage effluents (feed
and feces) fertilize seaweed and feed filter
feeding bivalves
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Thailand experimental polyculture systems at AIT

• Shrimp survival - 90
• Shrimp yield - 3,000 kg/ha
• Tilapia survival - gt 90
• Tilapia yield - 1,500 kg/ha
• Tilapia growth - 10g to 300g in 10 weeks
• Shrimp survival and yield was lower in
  monoculture control

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Seaweed and Mud crabs
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Gracilaria
Shrimp
Tilapia
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Seaweed, milkfish and shrimp polyculture
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• Fresh Gracilaria from the tilapia-shrimp pond

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Mechanisms

• Mucus supports gram positive bacteria
• Fish activity increases green algae bloom while
  maintaining levels of other types of algae
• Bio-manipulators of sediments- Oxidize wastes-
  Disturb life-cycle of pathogens and vectors

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Marine Integrated Aquaculture

• Shrimp seaweeds, bivalves, cucumbers,
  urchins
• Fish seaweeds, bivalves, tunicates
• Abalone seaweeds
• Mud crabs seaweeds, fish, shrimp

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Grouper and Snappers ? seaweeds, inverts

• Groupers and snappers in cages release dissolved
  nutrients (N, P, K, Fe, CO2, etc.) and suspended
  solids (feed, feces, phytoplankton) to be
  consumed by seaweed, bivalves, and sea urchins

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Floating feeds
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Conclusions

• Improved production systems with more
  sustainability.
• Protection of the environment
• More economic benefit for aquatic farmers.