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The Colonies Grow

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Between 1607 and 1775 an estimated 690,000 Europeans & 278,000 Africans came to live in the colonies. – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: The Colonies Grow


1
The Colonies Grow
  • Between 1607 and 1775 an estimated 690,000
    Europeans 278,000 Africans came to live in the
    colonies.

2
Texas 8th grd US History TEKS
  • (2) (B) compare political, economic, religious,
    and social reasons for the establishment of the
    13 English colonies.
  • (3) (A) explain the reasons for the growth of
    representative government and institutions during
    the colonial period
  • (B) analyze evaluate the importance of the
    Mayflower Compact, the Fundamental Orders of
    Connecticut, and the Virginia House of Burgesses
    to the growth of representative government and
  • (C) describe how religion and virtue contributed
    to the growth of representative government in the
    American colonies.
  • 12) Economics. The student understands why
    various sections of the United States developed
    different patterns of economic activity. The
    student is expected to
  • (A) identify economic differences among different
    regions of the United States
  • (B) explain reasons for the development of the
    plantation system, the transatlantic slave
    Atlantic triangular growth of the slave trade,
    and the spread of slavery
  • (15) Government. The student understands the
    American beliefs and principles reflected in the
    Declaration of Independence, the U.S.
    Constitution , and other important historic
    documents. The student is expected to
  • (A) identify the influence of ideas from historic
    documents, including the Magna Carta, the English
    Bill of Rights, the Mayflower Compact, The Wealth
    of Nations, the Declaration of Independence, the
    Federalist Papers, and selected anti-federalist
    writings, on the U.S. system of government

3
New England Colonies New Hampshire,
Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island
  • Made up of small towns that were well-organized
    with a church in the center.
  • The soil was hard and rocky and the winters were
    cold and long, leading to little to no cash-crop
    farming.
  • Subsistence farming (just enough to survive) was
    common.
  • The primary industries were fishing,
    shipbuilding, timber, whaling, and merchant
    trade.
  • The population was predominantly white, of
    English ancestry, and of the Puritan religion.

4
Middle Colonies
  • More fertile soil than New England and milder
    winters led to a longer growing season with cash
    crops of grains, fruits, and vegetables.
  • Became known as the breadbasket colonies.
  • Many industries, mainly such as skilled labor
    like carpentry and iron works as well as merchant
    trade. Largest cities were New York City and
    Philadelphia.
  • Immigrants from many different countries in
    Europe created the most diverse region of the
    colonies.
  • Religions here were very diverse including
    Puritan Christians, Quakers, Catholics, and Jews.

5
Southern Colonies
  • Rich soil and warm climate leads to year-round
    farming and little or no industry.
  • The Triangular Trade was a route between the
    Americas, Europe, and Africa. Most African slaves
    arrived on the Middle Passage.
  • Tobacco was the main cash crop in Virginia, NC,
    and Maryland, increasing the need for African
    slaves. Too much tobacco production caused
    prices to fall.
  • South Carolina Primary cash crops were rice and
    indigo. Rice paddies were knee-deep under water,
    exposing the slaves to sun and mosquitoes.
  • The majority of the population was made up of
    Anglicans from England along with a large
    population of African Slaves.
  • Slaves could be whipped, hanged, punished if
    family ran away. They could be sold away from
    their family at any time.
  • Most Southerners were not slaveholders but
    believed it was necessary for the economy.

6
Slavery and Free Blacks
  • As the number of plantations in the south grew,
    so did the number of slaves that were needed to
    work their fields of tobacco, rice, sugar cane,
    indigo, and later cotton.
  • There was a small number of actual free blacks
    throughout the colonies.
  • Most had obtained their freedom by buying it from
    their masters, some were set free by their
    masters or by their masters will (manumission).
  • Many free blacks in the north were former runaway
    slaves.
  • Free blacks did not have the same rights as
    whites.
  • They couldnt vote, most were not allowed to
    attend any type of school, they couldnt own
    guns, nor be preachers.
  • This may surprise you Some free blacks actually
    owned their own black slaves!

7
Foundations of English Government
  • Two principles influence the English government
  • Limited Government
  • Representative Government
  • In the year 1215 King John of England, a
    Crusader, was forced to give up much royal power
    in signing the Magna Carta.
  • The Magna Carta protected the nobles against
    unjust punishment and the loss of life, liberty,
    property.
  • This marks the first time a kings power was
    limited by the people he ruled.
  • The Magna Carta will serve as an inspiration for
    the American colonists as they fight for their
    independence and form their own government.
  • "No freeman shall be taken, imprisoned,
    disseised, outlawed, banished, or in any way
    destroyed, nor will We proceed against or
    prosecute him, except by the lawful judgment of
    his peers and by the law of the land."

8
The English Bill of Rights (1689)
  • In 1689 William Mary became the new king and
    queen of England. This became known as the
    Glorious Revolution.
  • Before they could start their reign, they had to
    sign the English Bill of Rights.
  • This gave English citizens many basic rights,
    including no taxation without representation and
    trial by jury.
  • The colonists believed that as English citizens,
    those rights extend across the ocean to the
    American colonies.
  • Some of the rules in the English Bill of Rights
    (sound familiar?)
  • the pretended power of suspending of laws, or the
    execution of laws by regal authority,
    without consent of Parliament, is illegal.
    (Parliament is like our Congress)
  • the raising or keeping a standing army within the
    kingdom in time of peace, unless it be with
    consent of Parliament, is against law.
  • the subjects which are Protestants may have arms
    for their defence suitable to their conditions,
    and as allowed by law.
  • excessive bail ought not to be required, nor
    excessive fines imposed nor cruel and unusual
    punishments inflicted.

9
What England Wants
  • England uses the colonies for its raw materials.
    They turn those raw materials into finished
    goods. This was basic mercantilism.
  • Mercantilism the economic system used by
    European colonial nations to get rich and
    powerful.
  • 1. colonies provide raw materials for the mother
    country
  • 2. the mother country turns the raw materials
    into finished goods
  • 3. it then sells the goods back to the colonies
    and other nations
  • 4. the main goal is to increase a countrys gold
    supply
  • England wants to ensure that only they benefit
    from all trade with the American colonies.
  • To ensure this, they pass the Navigation Acts.
    This forces the colonies to only transport goods
    in English ships to England.
  • The colonies are not allowed to trade with other
    countries. This angers the colonists and leads to
    colonial smuggling.

10
The Great Awakening
  • The Great Awakening happened between the 1720s
    and 1740s, starting in England then spreading to
    the American colonies.
  • Causes many Christians became unsatisfied with
    the laziness of the established churches and
    their authority over their people.
  • Revival preachers such as George Whitfield and
    Jonathan Edwards preached about an angry God and
    urged the people to reject their lazy church
    leaders and return to their strong faith of
    earlier days.
  • Effects it encouraged Americans to question and
    even reject the authority of individuals that
    were not working in their best interest, whether
    in religion or in government.
  • Another result was the creation of several new
    Christian churches such as the Baptists,
    Methodists, and Presbyterians.

11
Education in the Colonies
  • Education was very important in the New England
    colonies. It was necessary to learn to read so
    you could read the Bible.
  • As in Europe, the few Americans that could read
    were either religious figures or members of the
    wealthy aristocrats. The majority of Americans
    couldnt read.
  • Colleges were originally founded for the purpose
    of training ministers.
  • The first college in the colonies was Harvard, in
    Massachusetts. The second was William Mary, in
    Virginia.

12
The Enlightenment and Freedom of the Press
  • The Enlightenment began in the mid-1700s.
  • It was a period when people began to believe that
    reason, knowledge, science could improve
    society.
  • It was influenced by the writings and ideas of
    European philosophers such as John Locke
    (consent of the governed) and Montesquieu
    (separation of powers, checks and balances).
  • Famous Americans that were members of this
    movement were Benjamin Franklin, Washington,
    Adams, Jefferson, Madison, and Thomas Paine.
  • In 1735 John Peter Zenger, a German immigrant and
    newspaper writer, was arrested and charged with
    libel for writing critical articles about the
    royal governor of New York.
  • At his trial, a jury found him not guilty. This
    became an important step toward freedom of the
    press in the colonies.

13
The French and Indian War (1754-1763)France vs.
Great Britain
  • Fought in North America but later became part of
    the Seven Years War, a worldwide war between
    France and Great Britain.
  • They are competing for resources, particularly
    rich hunting territories, in the Ohio River
    Valley.
  • Native American support is vital to both sides.
  • French have better relations with the Native
    Americans but the powerful Iroquois tribe joins
    the British, upsetting the balance.
  • American colonists, considering themselves
    British citizens, fight with the British army
    against the French.

14
Introducing George Washington
  • George Washington, a young American officer, is
    sent by the British to monitor and keep French
    soldiers from western Virginia.
  • Washington finds a small French force and attacks
    them. After a battle, the French surrender.
  • Expecting a larger French force to attack,
    Washington has his men build Fort Necessity.
  • The French attack Washington at Fort Necessity
    and force him to surrender but is allowed to
    leave.
  • Upon his return, many viewed him as a military
    hero for striking the first blow on the French.
  • Serving under British General Edward Braddock,
    Washington and a large British army attempt to
    attack the French at Fort Duquesne but instead
    are attacked and defeated by French and Indian
    forces in the forest. Why?

15
Albany Plan of Union
  • After attacks from Indians allied with the
    French, Benjamin Franklin calls for a meeting of
    representatives from the colonies in Albany, New
    York to find a way to defend themselves against
    the French and their Indian allies.
  • Franklins Albany Plan of Union called for one
    general government among the colonies. This
    elected legislature could
  • Collect Taxes 2. Raise Troops 3. Regulate Trade
  • Not a single colony agreed but this was the first
    time that a union of the colonies was suggested.
    It wont be the last.
  • Look closely at Franklins drawing regarding his
    Albany Plan of Union. What do you suppose was
    its message?

16
The War ends with a British Victory
  • In 1762, the French cities of Quebec and Montreal
    in Canada finally surrender to the British,
    causing fighting in North America to end. Can you
    find these cities?
  • Treaty of Paris of 1763 ends the French and
    Indian War. The terms were
  • The French lost all of Canada all land east of
    the Mississippi to the British.
  • Spain gave Florida to Great Britain
  • Spain received Louisiana Territory New Orleans.
  • This treaty marked the end of France as a power
    in North America.
  • Look closely at the map. What do you notice about
    New France?

17
Results of the French and Indian War
  • The British victory causes Native Americans to
    lose their French ally and trading partner.
  • American settlers moved onto Native American
    lands west of the Appalachians, leading to
    Pontiacs War.
  • Led by their leader, Chief Pontiac, the Ottowas
    go to war against the Americans. Britain has had
    enough.
  • Britains Proclamation of 1763 prohibits American
    colonists from settling west of the Appalachian
    Mountains.
  • Americans feel they won that land fair and square
    and that this law restricted their rights to
    expand westward. They move there anyway.
  • Britain is left with a huge war debt. The British
    government decides that the American colonists
    should help pay that war debt. How does a
    government collect money from its citizens?

When I go to see the English commander and say
to him that some of our comrades are dead,
instead of bewailing their death as our French
brothers do, he laughs at me.
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