Expansion, Civil War, Gilded Age

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Expansion, Civil War, Gilded Age

• 1820-1920

US Politics and Society
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Jeffersonian Democracy

• Democ.-Repub. rule, 1800-1824
• Egalitarianism, simplicity, populism
• Louisiana purchase (1803) prompts exploration and
  expansion
• Lewis-Clark expedition
• Release of land claims by states allows new
  territories to be formed

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Louisiana purchase
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Lewis Clark expedition
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Release of land claims by states
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Westward migration

• General movement due West
• Northeasterners head to northern plains
• Mid-Atlantic to Midwest
• Southern states to southern Midwest
• Settlers take their values with them
• Northeasterners Puritanism
• Southerners small farmers, slavery
• Settlers get different support
• Northerners Federal infrastructure
• Southerners self-reliant

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Westward journeys
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Along the National Road
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Jacksonian Era (1828-1836)

• By 1828, 9 of 24 states beyond Appalachian
  mountains
• By 1840, 1/3 of pop. in Midwest
• New political era opens up with election of
  Andrew Jackson (TN), 1828
• first western president
• new post-indep. political generation
• helped by universal male suffrage
• first purposeful presidential campaign
• military hero in War of 1812, Battle of New
  Orleans, 1815

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Election of Andrew Jackson
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Jackson Presidency

• First major crisis of states rights South
  Carolina Nullification Crisis, 1831-32
• SC nullifies new tariff law
• Jackson threatens force if tariffs not collected
• Reveals major difference b/w North-West vs. South
• North and West wanted high tariffs to protect
  nascent industry
• South wanted low tariffs to import cheap
  manufactured goods

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Nullification Crisis SC view

• The great and leading principle is, that the
  General Government emanated from the people of
  the United States, forming distinct political
  communities, and acting in their separate and
  sovereign capacity, and not from all of the
  people forming one aggregate political community
  that the Constitution of the United States is in
  fact a compact, to which each State is a party

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Nullification Crisis SC view

• and that the several States, or parties, have a
  right to judge of its infractionsThis right of
  interpositionbe it called what it
  mayState-right, veto, nullification, or by any
  other nameI conceive to be the fundamental
  principle of our system.
• -- Ex. V-P. John C. Calhoun, 1831 --

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Nullification Crisis US view

• The ordinance is founded, not on the
  indefeasible right of resisting acts which are
  plainly unconstitutional, but on the strange
  position that any one State may not only declare
  an act of Congress void, but prohibit its
  execution that they may do this consistently
  with the Constitution that the true construction
  of that instrument permits a State to retain its
  place in the Union and yet be bound by no other
  of its laws than those it may choose to consider
  as constitutional

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Nullification Crisis US view

• I consider such a power, assumed by one State
  incompatible with the existence of the Union,
  contradicted expressly by the letter of the
  Constitution, unauthorized by its spirit,
  inconsistent with every principle on which it was
  founded, and destructive of the great object for
  which it was formed.
• -- Pres. Andrew Jackson, 1832 --

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Other Jackson triumphs

• Shuts down National Bank
• viewed as tool of the rich
• old Jeffersonian populism
• Allowed passage of Indian Removal Bill, 1830
• Sends troops to force Cherokees and Seminoles to
  move west
• Created notion of kitchen cabinet
• Greatly strengthens stature powers of the
  presidency

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Jackson and the National Bank
"Hurrah my old yallow flower of the forrest, walk
into him like a streak of Greased lightning
through a gooseberry bush!"
"Go it Hickory, my old Duffer! give it to him in
the bread basket, it will make him throw up his
deposits!"
"Darken his daylights, Nick. Put the Screws to
him my tulip!"
"Blow me tight if Nick ain't been crammed too
much. You see as how he's losing his wind!"
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Expansion Conflict Mexican War

• Colonists had been steadily entering Texas under
  deal with Mexico
• 1830 Mexico prohibits further immigration, bans
  slavery
• 1836 Texas wins war of indep. from Mexico
  independent state for 8 yrs.
• 1844 Growing US pressure to annex Texas
• 1845 Formal annexation protested by Mexico
• 1846-48 war won by US Mexico loses all territory
  to the Pacific

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Mexican-American War, 1846-48
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Expansionist Fever

• The demands by Texans for union with US as well
  as other new settlements caused heightened mood
  of nationalism
• US settles Oregon (Washington) boundary with UK,
  1846
• US all alone on North American continent
• UK had given up reigning in US after War of 1812
• France had abandoned or sold off most of its
  colonies
• Spain lost control over Mexico retreated to
  Europe
• Mexico itself could not control its new territory

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Western Trails
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The United States, 1850
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Industrial Revolution Takes Off

• Early industrialization roads, canals

• Other inventions
• steel plow
• telegraph
• revolver
• sewing machine
• oil well
• elevator
• steam locomotive

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Building of the Erie Canal
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New American Nationalism

• Manifest Destiny
• Coined by John L. OSullivan, 1845
• God was on the side of US expansionism
• Free development the extension of US democracy
• Population growth required new territory,
  otherwise unrest would occur

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John L. OSullivan

• Yes, we are the nation of progress, of
  individual freedom, of universal
  enfranchisementWe must move onward to the
  fulfillment of our missionto the entire
  development of the principles of our
  organizationfreedom of conscience, freedom of
  person, freedom of trade and business pursuits,
  universality of freedom and equality

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John L. OSullivan

• For this blessed mission to the nations of the
  worlds, which are shut out from the life-giving
  light of truth, has America been chosenWho,
  then, can doubt that our country is destined to
  be the great nation of futurity?
• -- The Great Nation of Futurity, 1839 --

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Manifest Destiny
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Expansion deepens slavery conflict

• Open conflict avoided thus far through
  compromises
• First African brought over 1619
• direct importation of perpetual slaves from
  Africa in 1670s
• 1780s most northern states abolish slavery
• 1st compromise Constitution counts slaves as 3/5
  of a person
• 1793 Fugitive Slave law but slave trade to be
  abolished in 20 years

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Slavery Saved by Cotton

• Used of cotton gin warm southern climate

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Missouri Question, 1820

• Admission of Missouri problematic because it is
  the first new territory from the Louisiana
  Purchase to achieve statehood
• Inhabited by southern farmers, who brought their
  slaves with them
• Abolitionist sentiment prevails in House of
  Representatives since No. states populous
• Southerners keen to maintain parity in Senate,
  where numbers are equal

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Missouri Compromise

• Crisis resolved by admission of Maine as free
  state
• 3630 parallel declared border of slavery

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Growth of Abolitionism

• 1833 American Anti-Slavery Society
• by 1840 2000 groups, 200,000 members
• Some abolitionists still racist
• Abolitionist speeches create fear hysteria
  among southern slave owners
• Victory in Mexican War brings new calls to
  prohibit slavery in new lands

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Compromise of 1850

• Admission of California as free state?
• Although territory new, Gold Rush had brought
  100,000 people in 1 year
• Compromise allowed CA to be free state, but
  principle of popular sovereignty to be applied
  to other territories
• also, tougher Fugitive Slave Law

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Compromise of 1850
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Fugitive Slave Capture
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South Becomes Martyr

• The South becomes victim of Northern conspiracy
  injustice
• Senate balance 16-15
• Western expansion favors No. industry and goods
• South dependent on agriculture
• Also dependent on No. merchant ships for exports
  to Europe
• No industrial development
• Assault on legal property (slaves)
• Revival of Jeffersonian idealization of farmer
  vs. immoral merchant, banker, industrialist

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Southern Dependence on Agriculture
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Slave Population in the South
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Kansas-Nebraska Conflict, 1854-6

• NE to become free state, KS to be based on
  popular sovereignty
• Potential referendum leads to violence, as
  abolitionists and pro-slavery activists converge
  on territory
• abolitionists see violation of MO compromise
• slave owners see assault on property
• Parallel to caning of Senator Sumner
• Creation of Republican Party, 1854

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Kansas Violence, 1854
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Republican Rise 4 reasons

• Amid Panic of 1857 Republicans promise new
  protectionist tariffs
• Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott case, 1857
• Abraham LincolnStephen Douglas debates in
  Illinois
• Democratic party split Douglas (No.)
  Breckenridge (So.)

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Election of 1860
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Advent of Civil War

• South Carolina declares secession, 20 December
  1860
• Another 11 states follow
• February 1861 Confederation of American States
• Jefferson Davis, president
• War begins on 12 April with storming of Fort
  Sumter in SC

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A Predestined Outcome

• Union
• 23,000
• 11,000,000
• 330,000
• 850,000
• 110
• 1,500,000
• 1,300
• 22

• Confederacy
• 8,700
• 5,370,000
• 27,000
• 95,000
• 18
• 155,000
• 110
• 9

• Population
• Property
• Banking Capital
• Capital invstmnt.
• Manufacturing
• Value of production
• Industrial workers
• RR mileage

All nos. in 000s
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Southern Loses, Northern Victories

• Southern unity doesnt hold
• Confederate govt. has no tax power
• No assistance from UK or France
• Early military clashes a catastrophe for North
• Lincoln finally agrees to Emancipation
  Proclamation, 23 September 1862
• War becomes one of slave liberation
• South surrenders, 12 April 1865

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Civil War Wounded
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Northern Victory
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Reconciliation Lost

• Assassination of Lincoln
• VP Andrew Johnson ambivalent

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Reconstruction, 1865-1876

• Two main questions
• Fate of the slaves
• Amendments 13, 14, 15 prohibit slavery, accord
  citizenship guarantee right to vote
• Creation of Freedmens Bureaus
• Reintegration of the Southern states
• States must call special conventions and pass new
  amendments
• Military governors administer civil affairs
• Carpetbaggers and Scalawags

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Freed Slaves Little Improved

• No land, money
• Black codes
• Incompetent, corrupt northerners
• Economy still structurally weak
• Old Confed. leaders soon re-elected

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Reconstruction
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End of Reconstruction, 1876

• Scandals weaken Republicans
• Public tired of Souths problems
• Conservative whites regain power in South
• Ku Klux Klan begins activity, black
  discrimination deepens
• Election of 1876 Hayes vs. Tilden
• Hayes agrees to end reconstruction in exchange
  for electoral votes (SC, LA, FL), winning an
  election he otherwise lost

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Election of 1876
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Gilded Age 1870-1900

• Height of industrialization and monopoly building
  in the economy
• Andrew Carnegie Carnegie Steel
• J.P. Morgan made Carnegie Steel in US Steel
  (1901)
• John D. Rockefeller Standard Oil
• Trusts sugar, rubber, meat, tobacco cotton seed
• vertical integration
• 5000 companies reduced to 300 trusts
• Explosion of retail sale and marketing
• New inventions light bulb, telephone

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Railroad expansion, 1870-90
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Farmers Grow Political

• The Grange self-help community groups
• Farmers increasing dependence on railroads
  prompts them to protest monopolies
• National Farmers Alliance and Industrial Union,
  1890
• 44 congressmen 3 senators elected with Alliance
  support, although many fade away

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Populist Party, 1892

• farmers, labor, prohibitionists, monetary
  reformers
• rejected laissez-faire capitalism
• 1892 presidential candidate wins 8.5
• 1896 5 senators, 22 congressmen
• Still, unable to overcome cleavages
• southern vs. western farmers
• white vs. black farmers
• farmers vs. workers

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Industrial organization

• Horrors of industrialization
• 10-12 hour working days
• wages below living standards
• industrial deaths 1 in the world
• child labor
• absence of any labor protection laws
• government resistance to economic regulation
• Labor unions organize
• 1869 Knights of Labor
• 1881 American Federation of Labor
• 1905 International Workers of the World

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Industrial Action and Retribution

• Strikes bring bloody clashes
• factory security, but also federal troops
• Labors cleavages
• unskilled vs. skilled labor
• new immigrants vs. old-timers
• ethnic and linguistic divides among immigrants
• socialist and anarchist tendencies deter others

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The Clash over Silver

• Democrats seek votes of farmers and workers by
  calling for emission of cheap silver
• 1896 candidate William Jennings Bryan gives fiery
  speeches
• Republican William McKinley adheres to gold
  standard
• McKinley victory

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Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1908)

• McKinleys term dominated by Spanish-American War
• After winning 2nd term, McKinley assassinated,
  ushering in Roosevelt
• TR becomes known as trust buster
• begins enforcement of 1890 Sherman Anti-Trust Act
• begins regulation of railroad industry
• creates Commerce Dept., Inter-State Commerce
  Commission
• attempted to negotiate labor disputes

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Taft Interregnum

• Roosevelt unwittingly announces in 1904 that he
  will not run again in 1908 concedes Republican
  nomination to William Taft
• Taft administration lackluster
• Roosevelt decides to enter race as Progressive
  Party (Bull Moose) candidate
• Launches New Nationalism program

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Wilson and New Freedom

• Republicans nominate Taft
• Democrats choose Woodrow Wilson
• Wilson puts forth New Freedom program
• Without the watchful interference, the resolute
  interference, of the government, there can be no
  fair play between individuals and such powerful
  institutions as the trusts. Freedom today is
  something more than being let alone. The program
  of a government of freedom must in these days be
  positive, not negative merely.

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Election of 1912
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Woodrow Wilson (1912-1920)

• First political scientist in the WH
• professor at Princeton
• written on Constitutional Government (1906)
• aimed to be active president
• reduced tariffs
• introduced personal income tax
• created Federal Reserve System (new central bank)