LATIN PRONOUNS

1
LATIN PRONOUNS
2
THE BASICS

• Most pronouns can also be used as adjectives
• The endings are mostly those of 1st/2nd
  declension adjectives like bonus, -a, -um, but
  some forms are irregular. In particular, the
  genitive singular has the special ending ius and
  the dative singular borrows the i ending from
  the 3rd declension. These two endings always
  remain the same for all three genders
• The i in the -ius ending forms a diphthong with
  the preceding vowel in eius, huius and cuius,
  which are thus pronounced EIY-us, HUIY-us and
  CUIY-us. In other pronouns the i is long and
  takes the stress e.g. illius, normally
  pronounced il-LI-us
• These special pronominal endings for dative and
  genitive are also used by nine adjectives that
  otherwise normally follow the regular us, -a,
  -um/ -er, -ra, -rum pattern unus (one), nullus
  (none), ullus (any), solus (alone), neuter
  (neither) alius (neut. nom, acc. sing. aliud)
  (other), uter (which of two), totus (whole),
  alter (the other of two)

3
is, ea, id (singular)

• Can be translated this or that but often just
  the equivalent of him, her, his, them
  etc.
• The nominative does not need to be used very
  often because the meaning he, she, they
  etc, is contained within an ordinary verb.
  Compare
• Canis eum spectat (The dog looks at him)
• Canem spectat (He looks at the dog)

4
is (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative is ea id
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
5
is (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative is ea id
Genitive eius eius eius
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
6
is (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative is ea id
Genitive eius eius eius
Dative ei ei ei
Accusative
Ablative
7
is (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative is ea id
Genitive eius eius eius
Dative ei ei ei
Accusative eum eam id
Ablative
8
is (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative is ea id
Genitive eius eius eius
Dative ei ei ei
Accusative eum eam id
Ablative eo ea eo
9
is (plural)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative ei eae ea
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
10
is (plural)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative ei eae ea
Genitive eorum earum eorum
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
11
is (plural)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative ei eae ea
Genitive eorum earum eorum
Dative eis eis eis
Accusative
Ablative
12
is (plural)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative ei eae ea
Genitive eorum earum eorum
Dative eis eis eis
Accusative eos eas ea
Ablative
13
is (plural)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative ei eae ea
Genitive eorum earum eorum
Dative eis eis eis
Accusative eos eas ea
Ablative eis eis eis
14
idem, eadem, idem

• A compound of is/ea/id and the suffix dem
  meaning the same.
• An m before the suffix becomes n
• eumdem gt eundem
• eorumdem gt eorundem
• Notice the slightly irregular forms of nominative
  singular masculine and neuter
• isdem gt idem (long vowel)
• iddem gt idem (short vowel)

15
idem (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative idem eadem idem
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
16
idem (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative idem eadem idem
Genitive eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
17
idem (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative idem eadem idem
Genitive eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem
Dative eidem eidem eidem
Accusative
Ablative
18
idem (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative idem eadem idem
Genitive eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem
Dative eidem eidem eidem
Accusative eundem eandem idem
Ablative
19
idem (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative idem eadem idem
Genitive eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem
Dative eidem eidem eidem
Accusative eundem eandem idem
Ablative eodem eadem eodem
20
idem (plural)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative eidem eaedem eadem
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
21
idem (plural)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative eidem eaedem eadem
Genitive eorundem earundem eorundem
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
22
idem (plural)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative eidem eaedem eadem
Genitive eorundem earundem eorundem
Dative eisdem eisdem eisdem
Accusative
Ablative
23
idem (plural)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative eidem eaedem eadem
Genitive eorundem earundem eorundem
Dative eisdem eisdem eisdem
Accusative eosdem easdem eadem
Ablative
24
idem (plural)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative eidem eaedem eadem
Genitive eorundem earundem eorundem
Dative eisdem eisdem eisdem
Accusative eosdem easdem eadem
Ablative eisdem eisdem eisdem
25
hic, haec, hoc

• The basic meaning is this/these but it is also
  used to mean the latter (contrasting with ille
  for the former)
• The word is less irregular than it looks as most
  of the case forms (apart from the usual
  pronominal dative singular i and genitve
  singular ius) are the regular 1st/2nd declension
  ones plus -c (the remains of what was originally
  a separate word). An m turns into n before this
• hamc gt hanc
• The feminine nominative singular and the neuter
  nominative/accusative plural are identical - haec

26
hic (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative hic haec hoc
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
27
hic (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative hic haec hoc
Genitive huius huius huius
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
28
hic (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative hic haec hoc
Genitive huius huius huius
Dative huic huic huic
Accusative
Ablative
29
hic (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative hic haec hoc
Genitive huius huius huius
Dative huic huic huic
Accusative hunc hanc hoc
Ablative
30
hic (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative hic haec hoc
Genitive huius huius huius
Dative huic huic huic
Accusative hunc hanc hoc
Ablative hoc hac hoc
31
hic (plural)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative hi hae haec
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
32
hic (plural)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative hi hae haec
Genitive horum harum horum
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
33
hic (plural)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative hi hae haec
Genitive horum harum horum
Dative his his his
Accusative
Ablative
34
hic (plural)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative hi hae haec
Genitive horum harum horum
Dative his his his
Accusative hos has haec
Ablative
35
hic (plural)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative hi hae haec
Genitive horum harum horum
Dative his his his
Accusative hos has haec
Ablative his his his
36
ille, illa, illud (singular)

• Basic meaning is that, but also means the
  former (contrasting with hic for the latter)
• Endings are almost all regular, except for the
  masculine and neuter singular nominative (ille,
  illud) and the pronominal ius and i for
  genitive and dative singular
• This word is the origin for the definite article
  and the words for he and she in most Romance
  languages

37
ille (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative ille illa illud
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
38
ille (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative ille illa illud
Genitive illius illius illius
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
39
ille (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative ille illa illud
Genitive illius illius illius
Dative illi illi illi
Accusative
Ablative
40
ille (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative ille illa illud
Genitive illius illius illius
Dative illi illi illi
Accusative illum illam illud
Ablative
41
ille (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative ille illa illud
Genitive illius illius illius
Dative illi illi illi
Accusative illum illam illud
Ablative illo illa illo
42
ille (plural)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative illi illae illa
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
43
ille (plural)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative illi illae illa
Genitive illorum illarum illorum
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
44
ille (plural)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative illi illae illa
Genitive illorum illarum illorum
Dative illis illis illis
Accusative
Ablative
45
ille (plural)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative illi illae illa
Genitive illorum illarum illorum
Dative illis illis illis
Accusative illos illas illa
Ablative
46
ille (plural)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative illi illae illa
Genitive illorum illarum illorum
Dative illis illis illis
Accusative illos illas illa
Ablative illis illis illis
47
iste, ista, istud

• The basic meaning is that, in the sense of
  distant from the speaker but probably near the
  person being spoken to.
• It can often be translated as thatof yours,
  with the implication that the object or person
  described is worthless.
• Iste amicus me minime delectat. (I dont at all
  like that friend of yours)
• The endings are exactly the same as those of ille

48
iste (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative iste ista istud
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
49
iste (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative iste ista istud
Genitive istius istius istius
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
50
iste (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative iste ista istud
Genitive istius istius istius
Dative isti isti isti
Accusative
Ablative
51
iste (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative iste ista istud
Genitive istius istius istius
Dative isti isti isti
Accusative istum istam istud
Ablative
52
iste (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative iste ista istud
Genitive istius istius istius
Dative isti isti isti
Accusative istum istam istud
Ablative isto ista isto
53
iste (plural)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative isti istae ista
Genitive istorum istarum istorum
Dative istis istis istis
Accusative istos istas ista
Ablative istis istis istis
54
THE EMPHATIC PRONOUN (ipse, ipsa, ipsum)

• This pronoun (translatable as himself, herself,
  itself, themselves etc.) must be carefully
  distinguished from the reflexive pronoun (se,
  sibi etc.) which is translated into English in
  exactly the same way. The emphatic pronoun is
  used simply in order to emphasise another word,
  NOT to show that the action done by the subject
  bends back (the meaning of reflexive) to
  affect that subject.
• Caesar ipse Ciceronem laudat (The action done by
  Caesar affects Cicero, not Caesar)
• Caesar himself praises Cicero
• Caesar se laudat (Caesars action affects Caesar,
  not someone else)
• Caesar praises himself
• The endings are the same as those of ille or
  iste, except for the masculine nominative
  singular (ipse) neuter nominative and accusative
  singular (ipsum) and thus identical with the
  regular endings of an us, -a, -um adjective
  except for the typical pronominal endings ius
  and i in the genitive and dative singular
  respectively

55
ipse (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative ipse ipsa ipsum
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
56
ipse (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative ipse ipsa ipsum
Genitive ipsius ipsius ipsius
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
57
ipse (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative ipse ipsa ipsum
Genitive ipsius ipsius ipsius
Dative ipsi ipsi ipsi
Accusative
Ablative
58
ipse (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative ipse ipsa ipsum
Genitive ipsius ipsius ipsius
Dative ipsi ipsi ipsi
Accusative ipsum ipsam ipsum
Ablative
59
ipse (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative ipse ipsa ipsum
Genitive ipsius ipsius ipsius
Dative ipsi ipsi ipsi
Accusative ipsum ipsam ipsum
Ablative ipso ipsa ipso
60
ipse (plural)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative ipsi ipsae ipsa
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
61
ipse (plural)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative ipsi ipsae ipsa
Genitive ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
62
ipse (plural)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative ipsi ipsae ipsa
Genitive ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum
Dative ipsis ipsis ipsis
Accusative
Ablative
63
ipse (plural)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative ipsi ipsae ipsa
Genitive ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum
Dative ipsis ipsis ipsis
Accusative ipsos ipsas ipsa
Ablative
64
ipse (plural)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative ipsi ipsae ipsa
Genitive ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum
Dative ipsis ipsis ipsis
Accusative ipsos ipsas ipsa
Ablative ipsis ipsis ipsis
65
THE RELATIVE PRONOUN (qui, quae, quod)

• This pronoun (translatable as who, which, whose,
  that etc.) is used in order to add to a sentence
  an additional statement about a noun. The
  pronouns case depends on its function within its
  own clause, and its number and gender upon the
  noun it refers to.
• Regina, quae heri advenit, nihil dixit
• Regina, quam heri vidimus, nihil dixit
• Reginae, quibus dona dedimus, nihil dixerunt
• The endings are virtually the same as those of
  hic with the c left off, except for the neuter
  nominative and accusative singular (quod), the
  masculine singular accusative (quem) and the
  alternative dative and ablative plural (quibus).
  Another peculiarity is the spelling with initial
  c rather than q in the genitive and dative
  singular (cuius, cui)
• The interrogative pronoun, used in asking
  questions, is identical to the relative pronoun
  except for the masculine and feminine nominative
  singular (quis) and the neuter nominative and
  accusative singular (quid). The masculine
  accusative singular quem is also normally used
  for the feminine also. This pronoun can also be
  used with the meaning anyone or anything
  after si, nisi, num and ne
• Quis pecuniam cepit? Quid dixisti? Cuius
  liber est in mensa?
• Si quis silvam intrabit, interficietur
  Timeo ne quis de integritate mea dubitet
• The interrogative adjective, which has to be used
  in a phrase with a noun, has exactly the same
  forms as the relative pronoun.
• Qui discipulus fenestram fregit? Quos libros
  legisti?

66
OTHER Qu- PRONOUNS

• quidam/quaedam/quoddam (a certain.) is used
  adjectivally like a stronger form of the
  indefinite article (a, an) to introduce a person
  or thing not mentioned before. It is formed by
  adding the suffix dam to the relative pronoun
  and, as with idem/eadem/idem, a final m becomes n
  in front of d (e.g. quorumdam gt quorundam). If
  used as a pronoun, the neuter nom./acc. becomes
  quiddam ( a certain thing)
• Homo quidam descendebat Hierosolyma in Iericho.
• Ad urbem quandam pervenerunt.
• Caesar mihi quiddam dedit.
• The pronoun aliquis/aliqua/aliquid (someone,
  something) follows the pattern of the
  interrogative pronoun except that a (i.e. the
  regular ending in us, -am um adjectives like
  bonus) is used in the feminine nominative
  singular and the neuter nominative an accusative
  plural.
• Aliquid bibere vis? Do you want to drink
  something?
• Servi aliqua a villa portabant. The slaves were
  fetching some things from the villa.
• Quisquam/quisquam/quicquam (anyone, anything),
  which is used in negative sentences, is formed by
  adding the suffix quam to the interrogative
  pronoun. The final d in the neuter
  nominative/accusative singular changes to c.
• Quemquam non vidi. I didnt see anybody.
• The indefinite pronoun quisque/quaeque/quidque
  (quique/quaeque/ quodque as an adjective),
  meaning each one, also follows the same pattern
  but has a separate form in ae for the nominative
  singular feminine. Note that the ablative
  singular masculine/ neuter (quoque) is
  distinguished by the long o from quoque (also).
• Quoque die Saturni convenimus. We meet every
  Saturday.
• Cuique donum dedit. He gave a
  present to each one.

67
OTHER Qu- PRONOUNS (concluded)

• Finally, the pronoun quicumque/quaecumque/quodcumq
  ue (whoever, whatever etc.) follows the pattern
  of the relative pronoun qui/quae/quod
• In quamcumque domum intraveritis, primum dicite
  Pax huic domui
  In whatever house you have entered,
  first say Peace to this house!
• Quicumque hunc anulum diabolicum adeptus erit,
  magnam cladem patietur. Whoever has gained
  possession of this devilish ring will suffer a
  great disaster.

68
qui (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative qui quae quod
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
69
qui (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative qui quae quod
Genitive cuius cuius cuius
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
70
qui (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative qui quae quod
Genitive cuius cuius cuius
Dative cui cui cui
Accusative
Ablative
71
qui (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative qui quae quod
Genitive cuius cuius cuius
Dative cui cui cui
Accusative quem quam quod
Ablative
72
qui (singular)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative qui quae quod
Genitive cuius cuius cuius
Dative cui cui cui
Accusative quem quam quod
Ablative quo qua quo
73
qui (plural)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative qui quae quae
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
74
qui (plural)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative qui quae quae
Genitive quorum quarum quorum
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
75
qui (plural)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative qui quae quae
Genitive quorum quarum quorum
Dative quis/quibus quis/quibus quis/quibus
Accusative
Ablative
76
qui (plural)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative qui quae quae
Genitive quorum quarum quorum
Dative quis/quibus quis/quibus quis/quibus
Accusative quos quas quae
Ablative
77
qui (plural)
Masc Fem Neut
Nominative qui quae quae
Genitive quorum quarum quorum
Dative quis/quibus quis/quibus quis/quibus
Accusative quos quas quae
Ablative quis/quibus quis/quibus quis/quibus
78
EGO, TU and SE

• Whilst the English pronouns I and you are often
  the subject of sentences, ego and tu are not,
  because their meaning is contained already in the
  verb endings. The Latin pronouns are therefore
  generally only used in the nominative when
  special emphasis is required .
• Caesarem in templo saepe video. I often see
  Caesar in the temple
• Ego Caesarem in templo saepe video I often see
  Caesar in the temple
• Computatrum fregisti You broke the computer.
• Tu computatrum fregisti You broke the computer
• The retroflex pronoun se is used for referring
  back to the subject when the same person or thing
  is both performing an action and affected by it.
  It has to be translated himself, herself, itself
  or themselves, according to context, and must be
  distinguished from ipse, which is translated in
  the same way but used only to emphasise another
  word.
• The genitive of these words is not used for
  simple possession, which is insteasd expressed by
  the adjectives meus, tuus and suus
• Quis librum meum abstulit? Who took my book
  away?
• Petrus servos me emere volebat Peter wanted to
  buy my slaves
• Maria amicas suas invitavit Mary invited her own
  friends
• All these pronouns have the ablative singular and
  accusative singular ending in -e, whilst tu and
  se are similar to each other throughout the
  singular
• Latin has no special words for myself, yourself
  etc. and simply uses me, te etc.
• Te pulsavi I hit you - Me pulsavi I hit
  myself

79
SINGULAR (I, you, himself/herself/itself)
I you himself etc.
Nominative ego tu -
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
80
SINGULAR (I, you, himself/herself/itself)
I you himself etc.
Nominative ego tu -
Genitive mei tui sui
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
81
SINGULAR (I, you, himself/herself/itself)
I you himself etc.
Nominative ego tu -
Genitive mei tui sui
Dative mihi tibi sibi
Accusative
Ablative
82
SINGULAR (I, you, himself/herself/itself)
I you himself etc.
Nominative ego tu -
Genitive mei tui sui
Dative mihi tibi sibi
Accusative me te se
Ablative
83
SINGULAR (I, you, himself/herself/itself)
I you himself etc.
Nominative ego tu -
Genitive mei tui sui
Dative mihi tibi sibi
Accusative me te se
Ablative me te se
84
PLURAL (we, you, themselves)
I you himself etc.
Nominative nos vos -
Genitive nos vos
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
85
PLURAL (we, you, themselves)
I you himself etc.
Nominative nos nostri or nostrum vos vestri or vestrum -
Genitive nos nostri or nostrum vos vestri or vestrum sui
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
86
PLURAL (we, you, themselves)
I you himself etc.
Nominative nos nostri or nostrum vos vestri or vestrum -
Genitive nos nostri or nostrum vos vestri or vestrum sui
Dative nobis vobis sibi
Accusative
Ablative
87
PLURAL (we, you, themselves)
I you himself etc.
Nominative nos nostri or nostrum vos vestri or vestrum -
Genitive nos nostri or nostrum vos vestri or vestrum sui
Dative nobis vobis sibi
Accusative nos vos se
Ablative nos vos
88
PLURAL (we, you, themselves)
I you himself etc.
Nominative nos nostri or nostrum vos vestri or vestrum -
Genitive nos nostri or nostrum vos vestri or vestrum sui
Dative nobis vobis sibi
Accusative nos nobis vos vobis se
Ablative nos nobis vos vobis se