Why study GRAMMAR?

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Why study GRAMMAR?
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What Is GRAMMAR?

• Grammar is the system of a language.
• Grammar is simply a reflection of a language at a
  particular time.
• Think of grammar as something that can help you,
  like a friend.
• You can use grammar like a signpost or a map in
  finding the way.

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Why study GRAMMAR?

• GREAT GRAMMAR leads to
• your being a better listener, speaker, reader,
  writer and communicator.
• better relationships and job prospects.
• logic and reasoning in communication skills.
• your own writing style.

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Why study GRAMMAR?

• GREAT GRAMMAR leads to
• your being a better listener, speaker, reader,
  writer and communicator.
• better relationships and job prospects.
• logic and reasoning in communication skills.
• your own writing style.

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English grammar is the science which treats of
the nature of words, their forms, and their uses
and relations in the sentence.

• It makes rules to tell us how to use words.
• It is a record of usage which we ought to follow.
• It is concerned with the forms of the language.
• Grammar teaches the laws of language, and the
  right method of using it in speaking and writing.
  Patterson

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Nine Parts of Speech
Articles
Nouns
Interjections
Adjectives
Adverbs
Conjunctions
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The Verb
A word that expresses action or otherwise helps
to make a statement
be verbs taste feel sound look appear become s
eem grow remain stay
Subject
Linking
Action
predicate
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Every sentence must have
VERB

• a

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Kinds of Verbs

• Action verbs express mental or physical action.

• Linking verbs make a statement by connecting the
  subject with a word that describes or explains
  it.

He rode the horse to victory.
He has been sick.
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The importance for correct VERB TENSE

• Clear and easy to understand
• Consistency
• To express the event with proper verb tenses

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The VERB has characteristics of

• TENSE
• MOOD
• VOICE
• ASPECT
• Tense is a method that we use in English to refer
  to time - past, present and future.
• tense (noun) a form of a verb used to indicate
  the time, and sometimes the continuation or
  completeness, of an action in relation to the
  time of speaking. (From Latin tempus time).

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There are three times that can be indicated by
verb tenses in English

• present
• past
• future

There are three aspects that can be
expressed

• simple (indefinite)
• perfect (completion before the time of focus)
• progressive (or continuous) (duration in
  progress at the time of focus)

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NOW
PAST
FUTURE
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The Twelve Traditional Tenses
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The Twelve Traditional Tenses
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Present SIMPLE (Indefinite)

• It is used to signal the following meanings
• Habitual actions in the present.
• He walks to class every day.
• General timeless truths.
• Water freezes at 0 degrees centigrade.
• The Earth is round.
• Sensory or mental perception in the present.
• I see a sign in the corner.
• I know that Charlotte is a teacher.
• Narrative present
• Marc hits the ball and falls over.
• Schedule, timetable
• Classes begin at 9.
• Sense verbs (hear, see, sound, taste, feel)
• The skunk smells bad

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Present SIMPLE (Indefinite)

• It is used to signal the following meanings
• always every day/week/year
• most of the time
• usually
• sometimes
• often
• half of the time
• frequently
• occasionally
• rarely
• seldom
• hardly ever
• never (forever)

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Past SIMPLE (Indefinite)

• It is used to signal the following meanings
• A definite completed action in the past.
• He flew to the UK on Saturday.
• Habitual action in the past.
• Chris jogged to work every day last year.
• A situation that applied in the past with the
  implication that it no longer applies in the
  present.
• Professor Walker lectured at Keele for 30
  years.
• EXPRESSION OF TIME!!!

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Past SIMPLE (Indefinite)

• It is used to signal the following meanings
• Yesterday
• Last
• ago
• Last year/month/week
• In 1990

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Present Progressive (Continuous)

• It is used to signal the following meanings
• Action in progress at the moment of speaking
• They are eating their lunch now.
• A temporary present occupation or activity
• She is studying at Keele University now.
• Repetition in a series of similar ongoing actions
• Skippy is pushing the football around the
  garden.
• Complaints about bad habits
• She is always grumbling.
• Planned action in the nearest future
• We are meeting our friends tomorrow.
• Situations which are changing or developing
  around the present
• Computers are becoming more and more
  important.

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Present Progressive

• at present moment
• at 5 oclock a.m.
• presently
• for now
• currently
• right now
• this month
• this semester
• this year
• just now
• as we speak
• for a little while

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Past Progressive (Continuous)

• It is used to signal the following meanings
• Action in progress at exact time
• I was sleeping when he came.
• While I was eating the telephone rang.
• The actions in progress simultaneously
• While I was studying, she was watching TV.
• Description in narrative
• I looked out of the window. The sun was shining
  brightly..
• (Always) repeated actions-criticism
• When a child she was always loosing things.

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Present Perfect

• The present perfect is used when
• the time period has not finished
• I have seen three movies this week.(This
  week has not finished yet.)
• the time is not mentioned
• (new information, life experience, the action in
  the past)
• Gerry has failed his exam again.
• Ive cut my finger
• the time is recent
• Ikuko has just arrived in Victoria.
• with for and since.
• Greg has lived here for 20 years.Greg has
  lived here since 1978.

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Present Perfect

• a number of times
• repeatedly
• several times
• often
• for (quantity of time)
• over (quantity of time)
• since, ever since (specific date or time)
• so far
• up to now
• until now
• to date
• for (quantity of time)
• over (quantity of time)
• since, ever since (specific date or time)
• just
• recently
• not long ago
• already
• yet

• until this moment
• since noon (exact time)
• since this morning
• since July 2003
• since yesterday
• since the 1900s
• ever since I met you
• this morning  (hours ongoing)
• this week (days ongoing)
• this year  (days ongoing)
• this decade  (years ongoing)
• this century (years ongoing)
• for two minutes (quantity)
• for an hour
• for three days
• over the past 3 years
• in my life (current)
• in these times (current)

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THANK YOUfor Attention