Immunizations

1
Immunizations

• Denice Gardner, MSN,
• NNP-BC

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Objectives

• Discuss immunizations and their effects on the
  newborn

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Immunity

• Security against a particular disease or foreign
  microorganism as a result of development of
  protective antibodies
• Antibodies are proteins produced by the body to
  neutralize or destroy specific toxins
• Antibodies are disease-specific

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Immunity

• Two Types of Immunity
• Active Immunity
• Occurs from exposure to the disease by exposure
  during infection or by vaccination
• Passive Immunity
• Occurs when a person is given the antibodies to a
  disease rather than by producing the antibodies
  themselves (ex. newborn baby)

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Vaccines

• Live/Attenuated
• Pathogen is weakened or altered so that it
  doesnt cause the illness
• Killed/Inactivated
• Usually use the term inactivated
• Pathogen is treated so that the pathogen is kept
  intact, but its ability to replicate is
  destroyed, so that the body can still recognize it

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Vaccination Schedule

• Hepatitis birth, 1-2 months, 6-18 months
• DTaP 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 15-18 months,
  4-6 years
• Polio 2 months, 4 months, 6-18 months, 4-6
  years
• Hib 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 12-15 months
• Pneumococcal 2 months, 4 months, 6 months,
  12-15 months
• Rotavirus 2 months, 4 months, 6 months
  depending on manufacturer

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Vaccination Schedule

• Preterm infants may receive most vaccinations per
  routine recommended schedule
• Exception Hepatitis B vaccine may be delayed
  until 1 month of age

8
Hepatitis B Vaccine

• Screening of all pregnant women is MANDATORY!
• Vaccine Schedule
• HBsAg-negative mother
• routine schedule
• HBsAg-positive mother
• HBIG shortly after birth
• Hepatitis B Vaccine within 12 hours of age

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Hepatitis B Vaccine

• Unknown Maternal HBsAg status
• first Hepatitis B Vaccine soon after birth
• Following doses depend upon results of maternal
  testing
• If results are positive, HBIG should be given
  within 1 week of birth
• Vaccination of preterm infant is dependent upon
  birth weight duration of time in which maternal
  lab results are obtained

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Precautions

• Vaccines may be delayed if the child on the
  scheduled appointment date.
• Some children should NOT get certain vaccines if
  they have had a reaction to a previous vaccine or
  has any life-threatening allergy.

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Medical Deferments for Vaccinations

• DTaP
• Brain or nervous system disease within 7 days of
  receiving vaccine
• Non-stop crying for 3 hours
• Seizure
• Temp gt105ºF
• Polio
• Allergy to neomycin, streptomycin, or polymyxin B

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Medical Deferments for Vaccinations

• Hepatitis B Vaccine
• Allergy to yeast
• Rotavirus
• Weakened immune system
• Ongoing digestive problems
• Recent transfusion of blood or blood products
• History of intussusception

13
Common Vaccine reactions

• Redness or swelling at site
• Fussiness
• Sleepiness
• Poor feeding
• Vomiting

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misconceptions

• Autism or other developmental concerns as a
  result of immunizations
• SIDS
• Seizures
• Prematurity
• Breast feeding
• Previous reaction to immunizations in family
  members
• Cost

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References

• www.cdc.gov
• Siegfried, D.R. (2002). Anatomy Physiology for
  Dummies. Wiley Publishing Inc New York.