The Immune System

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The Immune System
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Outline of Chapter 43

• First lines of defense
• Innate Immunity
• Acquired Immunity
• Humoral
• Cell-mediated
• Health disease

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The Immune System

• First lines of defense
• Skin
• Mucus
• Stomach acid
• Digestive enzymes.

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Innate Immunity

• Phagocytic cells
• Leukocytes (white cells)
• Lymphocytes (lymph cells)
• Macrophages (big eaters)
• Natural killer cells (attack infected or
  cancerous body cells.)

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Innate Immunity
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Innate Immunity
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Innate Immunity
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Innate Immunity
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Innate Immunity
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Innate Immunity
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Innate Immunity
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Innate Immunity
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Innate Immunity

• Inflammation
• Redness and swelling
• Interferon
• Released by infected cells, signals neighboring
  cells to prepare for invasion.

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Acquired Immunity

• Lymphocytes
• B cells and T cells
• Antibodies
• Immunoglobulins.

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Acquired Immunity

• Antigens are foreign molecules that elicit an
  immune response

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Acquired Immunity

• Antigens are foreign molecules that elicit an
  immune response.

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Acquired Immunity

• B cells have antigen receptors that recognize
  intact antigens.

B
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Acquired Immunity

• T cells have antigen receptors for fragments of
  antigens.

B
T
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Acquired Immunity

• Each lymphocyte recognizes one and only one
  antigen.

B
T
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Acquired Immunity

• Lymphocytes are made in the bone marrow
• B cells mature in the bone marrow
• T cells go to the thymus before maturing.

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Acquired Immunity

• Genes in lymphocytes are randomly, permanently
  rearranged to produce over ten million different
  antigen receptors
• The ones that react to self are destroyed.

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Acquired Immunity

• Two kinds of immune response
• Humoral
• Defends against toxins or pathogens outside of
  cells
• Cell-mediated or cytotoxic
• Destroys infected cells, cancer cells, and
  transplanted cells.

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Humoral Immune Response

• Here come the germs

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Humoral Immune Response

• Here come the germs

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Humoral Immune Response

• 1. A macrophage or a dendritic cell engulfs one
  of the invading bacteria

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Humoral Immune Response

• 1. A macrophage or a dendritic cell engulfs one
  of the invading bacteria.

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Humoral Immune Response

• 2. The macrophage displays broken up bits of the
  antigen bound to a major histocompatibility
  complex (MHC).

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Humoral Immune Response

• 3. A helper T cell recognizes the antigen
  fragments and is activated

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Humoral Immune Response

• 3. A helper T cell recognizes the antigen
  fragments and is activated

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Humoral Immune Response

• 3. A helper T cell recognizes the antigen
  fragments and is activated

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Humoral Immune Response

• 3. A helper T cell recognizes the antigen
  fragments and is activated.

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Humoral Immune Response

• 4. A B cell also recognizes the antigen and binds
  to it

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Humoral Immune Response

• 4. A B cell also recognizes the antigen and binds
  to it

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Humoral Immune Response

• 4. A B cell also recognizes the antigen and binds
  to it.

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Humoral Immune Response

• 5. An activated helper T cell binds to the B cell
  and secretes cytokines to activate it

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Humoral Immune Response

• 5. An activated helper T cell binds to the B cell
  and secretes cytokines to activate it

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Humoral Immune Response

• 5. An activated helper T cell binds to the B cell
  and secretes cytokines to activate it

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Humoral Immune Response

• 5. An activated helper T cell binds to the B cell
  and secretes cytokines to activate it

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Humoral Immune Response

• 5. An activated helper T cell binds to the B cell
  and secretes cytokines to activate it.

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Humoral Immune Response

• 6. The activated B cell divides to make two
  kinds of cells

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Humoral Immune Response

• Plasma cells (effector cells) make antibodies

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Humoral Immune Response

• Plasma cells (effector cells) make antibodies.

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Humoral Immune Response

• Memory cells wait for the next invasion.

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Humoral Immune Response

• 7. Antibodies bind to antigens.

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Humoral Immune Response

• There are four ways that antibodies work

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Humoral Immune Response

• There are four ways that antibodies work
• neutralization.

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Humoral Immune Response

• There are four ways that antibodies work
• neutralization.

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Humoral Immune Response

• There are four ways that antibodies work
• neutralization.

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Humoral Immune Response

• There are four ways that antibodies work
• agglutinization.

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Humoral Immune Response

• There are four ways that antibodies work
• agglutinization.

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Humoral Immune Response

• There are four ways that antibodies work
• agglutinization.

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Humoral Immune Response

• There are four ways that antibodies work
• agglutinization.

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Humoral Immune Response

• There are four ways that antibodies work
• agglutinization.

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Humoral Immune Response

• There are four ways that antibodies work
• compliment fixation.

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Humoral Immune Response

• There are four ways that antibodies work
• compliment fixation.

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Humoral Immune Response

• There are four ways that antibodies work
• compliment fixation.

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Humoral Immune Response

• There are four ways that antibodies work
• compliment fixation.

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Humoral Immune Response

• There are four ways that antibodies work
• compliment fixation.

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Humoral Immune Response

• There are four ways that antibodies work
• compliment fixation.

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Humoral Immune Response

• There are four ways that antibodies work
• compliment fixation.

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Humoral Immune Response

• There are four ways that antibodies work
• compliment fixation.

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Humoral Immune Response

• There are four ways that antibodies work
• opsonization.

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Humoral Immune Response

• There are four ways that antibodies work
• opsonization.

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Humoral Immune Response

• There are four ways that antibodies work
• opsonization.

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Humoral Immune Response

• There are four ways that antibodies work
• opsonization.

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Humoral Immune Response

• There are four ways that antibodies work
• opsonization.

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Humoral Immune Response

• There are four ways that antibodies work
• opsonization.

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Humoral Immune Response

• There are four ways that antibodies work
• opsonization.

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Humoral Immune Response

• There are four ways that antibodies work
• opsonization.

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Humoral Immune Response

• There are four ways that antibodies work
• opsonization.

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Humoral Immune Response

• There are four ways that antibodies work
• opsonization.

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Humoral Immune Response

• There are four ways that antibodies work
• opsonization.

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Humoral Immune Response
There are four ways that antibodies
work opsonization.
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Cell Mediated Immune Response
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Cell Mediated Immune Response

• Here come the germs

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Cell Mediated Immune Response

• 1. A cell is infected

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Cell Mediated Immune Response

• 1. A cell is infected

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Cell Mediated Immune Response

• 1. A cell is infected.

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Cell Mediated Immune Response

• 2. Antigens are displayed on the cell surface
  bound to MHC.

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Cell Mediated Immune Response

• 3. A cytotoxic T cell (killer T cell) binds to
  the antigens

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Cell Mediated Immune Response

• 3. A cytotoxic T cell (killer T cell) binds to
  the antigens

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Cell Mediated Immune Response

• 3. A cytotoxic T cell (killer T cell) binds to
  the antigens.

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Cell Mediated Immune Response

• 4. Binding activates the T cell, which releases
  lytic enzymes.

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Cell Mediated Immune Response

• 5. Lytic enzymes destroy the cell (apoptosis.)

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Cell Mediated Immune Response

• 5. Lytic enzymes destroy the cell (apoptosis.)

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Cell Mediated Immune Response

• 6. T cell can now attack other target cells.

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Cell Mediated Immune Response

• Cancer cells will also display antigens that bind
  with killer T cells.

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Immunity in Health and Disease
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Immunity in Health and Disease

• Active vs. passive immunity

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Immunity in Health and Disease

• Active vs. passive immunity

Body receives weakened pathogen, makes antibodies.
Body receives antibodies.
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Immunity in Health and Disease

• Rejection of transplanted tissue

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Immunity in Health and Disease

• Rejection of transplanted tissue
• Graft vs. host reaction.

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Immunity in Health and Disease

• Allergies

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Immunity in Health and Disease

• Allergies
• Immune system mounts a defense against something
  harmless.

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Immunity in Health and Disease

• Autoimmune diseases

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Immunity in Health and Disease

• Autoimmune diseases
• Immune system
• reacts against self.

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Immunity in Health and Disease

• Immunodeficiency diseases.
• .

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Important Vocabulary
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• lysozyme
• phagocytosis
• macrophage
• leukocyte
• lymphocyte
• natural killer cell
• inflammation
• histamine
• B cell
• T cell

antigen epitope antibody memory cells MHC killer
T cell helper T cell humoral cell
mediated anaphylactic shock
.