SPECIFIC BODY DEFENSES: The Lymphatic and Immune System

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SPECIFIC BODY DEFENSES The Lymphatic and Immune
System
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I. Lymphatic System

• A.  Functions
•   1.   Absorption and return of excess
  fluid the blood stream
•   2.  Absorption of fat (in the villi of the
  small intestine)
• 3.   Immune System Function

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I. Lymphatic System

• B. Composed of
• 1. Lymph interstitial fluid
• 2. Lymph vessels
• a.  Closely associated with circulatory
  system
• b.  Similar to veins
• c.  Contraction of skeletal mscl causes
  movement of lymph fluid through valves

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I. Lymphatic System

• B. Composed of
• 3. Lymph Organs
• a. Lymph nodes
• Areas of Concentrated lymphocytes and macrophages
  along the lymphatic vessels
• Filter lymph

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I. Lymphatic System

• B. Composed of
• 3. Lymph Organs
• b. Bone Marrow produces
• lymphocytes
• c. Spleen Serves as
• Blood reservoir
• Purifies blood and lymph

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I. Lymphatic System

• B. Composed of
• 3. Lymph Organs
• c.  Thymus
• causes pre-T cells to mature to T-cells
• d.  Tonsils
• e.  Peyers Patches

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II. Immune Response

• A. Bodys 3 Lines of Defense
• 1. Skin
• 2. Mucous membranes
• 3. Immune system
• B. Immune System is
• 1. Antigen specific
• 2. Systemic
• 3. Has memory

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II. Immune Response

• C. Kinds of Immune Response
• 1. Specific Immunity
• a. Antibodies bind only to antigen
• b. B-lymphocytes antibody prod.
• c. T-lymphocytes produce
  lymphokines
• 2.  Nonspecific Defense
• a. Physical barriers
• b. Tears
• c. Phagocytes
• d. Fever / Inflammation

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D. Kinds of Immune Response

• 3. Humoral Immunity
• a. Provided by antibodies in the bodies
  fluids
• b. Antibodies
• 1)    Are produced by lymphocytes
• 2)    Circulate freely in the blood and lymph
• 3) Bind primarily to bacteria, toxins,
  free viruses
• inactivates marks for destruction

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D. Kinds of Immune Response

• 4. Cell Mediated Immunity
• a. Provided by nonantibody- producing
  lymphocytes
• b. Directly attack and lyse body cells.
• 1)    containing viruses or parasite
• 2)    Cancer cells
• 3) Foreign grafts
• c. Release chemical mediators
• 1)   enhances inflammatory resp.
• 2)   Help activate lymphocytes or macrophages

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II. Immune Response

• E. The Players
• 1. B-Cells
• work chiefly by secreting
  antibodies
• Each B cell makes one specific
  antibody

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II. Immune Response
E. The Players 1. B-Cells c. When a B cell
encounters its
triggering antigen it gives rise
to many large plasma
cells that produce
that specific antibody
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II. Immune Response
E. The Players 1. B-Cells d. Antibody
structure 2 identical heavy
chains and 2 identical light
chains shaped to form a Y.
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II. Immune Response

• E. The Players
• 2. T-Cells
• Function
• Some help regulate the
  immune system
• Others are cytotoxic
  (directly contact infected cells and destroy them

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II. Immune Response
E. The Players 2. T-Cells b. Helper
inducer T cells activate
B cells and
other T cells c. Suppressor T
cells turn off or suppress immune cells
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II. Immune Response
E. The Players 2. T-Cells d. Cytotoxic T
cells rid the body
of cells that have been
infected by viruses as
well and
cancer cells
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II. Immune Response
E. The Players 4. Killer Cells a. cytotoxic
T cells recognize
a specific
antigen b. Natural killer
cells donot require a
specific antigen
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II. Immune Response
E. The Players 3. Cytokines diverse and
potent chemical messengers
secreted by the
cells of the immune system
Bind to specific receptors on target
cells
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II. Immune Response

• F. Immunity
• 1. Immunity
• Whenever T cells and B cells are activated,
  some become "memory" cells
• The next time that an individual encounters that
  same antigen, the immune system is primed to
  destroy it quickly

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II. Immune Response

• F. Immunity
• 1. Active Immunity
• achieved by responses of ones immune
  system
• 2. Passive Immunity
• achieved with exogenous immune cells or
  products

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II. Immune Response

• F. Immunity
• 3. Passive Immunity
• achieved with exogenous immune cells
  or products
• Long term
• Can be stimulated by infection
• also by vaccines
  made from infectious agents that have been
  inactivated

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II. Immune Response

• F. Immunity
• 3. Passive
• short term
• can be transferred passively from
  one individual to another
• via antibody-containing serum
• across the placenta

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II. Immune Response

• F. Active, Passive and Acquired
  Immunity
• 3. Acquired Immunity
• comes from infection or from a new borns
  mothe 4. Artificial Immunity
• comes from immunizations

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II. Immune Response

• G. Autoimmune diseases
• 1. diseases caused by failure of the immune
  system to recognize self
• 2. Examples
• a.    rheumatoid arthritis (joints)
• b.    lupus erythematosus (connective
  tissue)
• c.     Graves disease (thyroid)

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II. Immune Response

• G. AIDS - Immunodeficiency Syndrome
  
• 1. Causes death
• 2.    Caused by Human Immunodeficiency
  Virus (HIV)
• 3. kills T-4 lymphocytes
• 4. T-4 lymphocytes induce
• B-lymphocytes to fight infection
• 5. Debilitated immune system

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II. Immune Response

• G. AIDS - Immunodeficiency Syndrome
  
• 6. no cure for HIV
• 7. HIV infection causes AIDS, and AIDS
  allows other infections to kill the person
  with the HIV infection