Biochemistry

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Biochemistry

• To be used with Biochemistry Guided Notes
• Gaccione/Bakka

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Organic vs. Inorganic Molecules
Organic Inorganic




Contains Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O)
(Example C6H12O6)
Does not contain C, H, and O at same time
(Example H20)
Water makes up 60 to 98 of living
thingsnecessary for chemical activities and
transport
Carbon is the key elementthe element of life
Carbon can bond with itself and form many times
for bonds (single, double, triple and rings)
Salts help maintain water balance Example
Gatoradeelectrolytes
4 Organic Molecules 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids
3.Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids
Acids and Bases -pH Scale -Important for
enzyme function
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Carbohydrates -give us instant energy

• Sugars and starches(complex carbohydrates)
• Contains 3 elements carbon,
• hydrogen, and oxygen
• In all carbs the hydrogen is in a 21 ratio to
  oxygen)
• Most carbohydrates end in -ose

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Monosaccharides - means one sugar

• AKA Simple sugars
• All have the formula C6H12O6
• Have a single ring structure
• Example Glucose
• Fructose

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Disaccharides - means two sugars

• All have the formula C12H22O11
• Example
• glucose fructose sucrose (table sugar)

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Isomers

• Example Glucose Galactose
• Isomers - compounds that have same
• formula different 3-D structure

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Polysaccharides (polymers)-means many sugars

• Three or more simple sugar units
• Examples
• Glycogen animal starch stored in the liver and
  muscles
• Cellulose indigestible in humans forms cell
  wall in plants
• Starches used as energy storage

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Comparing saccharides
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysacchrides
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How are complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides)
formed?

• Condensation (Dehydration) synthesis combining
  simple molecules to form a more complex one with
  the removal of water
• Example
• monosaccharide monosaccharide ? disaccharide
  water
• C6H12O6 C6H12O6 ? C12H22O11 H2O
• Polysaccharides are formed from repeated
  dehydration synthesis

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Monosaccharide Monosaccharide ?
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Disaccharide
Water
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How are complex carbohydrates broken down?

• Hydrolysis the addition of water to a compound
  to split it into smaller subunits
• also called chemical digestion
• Example
• disaccharide water ? monosaccharide
  monosaccharide
• C12H22O11 H2O ? C6H12O6 C6H12O6

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Lipids

• Lipids (Fats) lipids 4 function
• 1. energy storage
• 2. protection
• 3. insulation
• 4. found in cell membranes
• Three elements found in lipids
• 1. carbon
• 2. Hydrogen
• 3. oxygen
• The HO is not in a 21 ratio

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Lipids

• Examples
• 1. meat
• 2. bacon
• 3. cheese
• Lipids tend to be the largest of organic
  molecules

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Lipids

• Lipids are composed of
• one glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids
• Lipid formular
• glycerol 3 fatty acids ? lipid
  (fat)

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• Condensation (Dehydration) synthesis combining
  simple molecules to form a lipid with the removal
  of water
• Hydrolysis the addition of water to a lipid
  splits it into smaller subunits

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Four Types of Lipids

• Fats from animals
• Saturated solid at room temperature
• All single bonds in the fatty acid tail make it
  very
• difficult to break down

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4 Types of Lipids

• 2. Oils from plants
• Unsaturated liquid at room temperature
• Presence of a double bond in the fatty acid tail
• Ex. Vegetable oils

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Four Types of Lipids

• 3. Waxes ear wax bees wax

?
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4 Types of Lipids

• 4. Steroids
• Examples
• 1. Cholesterol - High levels could lead to heart
  disease
• 2. Estrogen - female hormone
• 3. Testosterone - male hormone

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Proteins

• Proteins contain the elements
• 1. carbon
• 2. hydrogen
• 3. oxygen
• 4. Nitrogen
• Made at the ribosomes
• Composed of subunits called amino acid
• 20 amino acids

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Proteins

• Major Protein Functions
• Growth and repair Energy
• Usually end with -in
• Example
• 1. Hemoglobin (blood)
• 2. Insulin (breaks down glycogen)
• 3. Enzymes(speeds up chemical reactions)

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Making Proteins

• Condensation (Dehydration) synthesis of a
  dipeptide.
• Breaking down Proteins is call Hydrolysis
• dipeptide water amino acid amino acid

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• Dipeptide formed from two amino acids
• amino acid amino acid ? dipeptide water

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Proteins

• Polypeptide composed of three or more amino
  acids
• Examples of proteins
• 1. muscle 5. insulin
• 2. Skin 6. hemoglobin
• 3. Hair 7. enzymes
• 4. Nails
• There are a large number of different types of
  proteins
• The number, kind and sequence of amino acids lead
  to this large variety

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Enzymes

• Catalyst inorganic or organic substance which
  speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without
  entering the reaction itself
• Examples enzymes (organic) and heat (inorganic)
• Enzymes organic catalysts made of protein
• most enzyme names end in ase
• enzymes lower the energy needed to start a
  chemical reaction (activation energy)

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How enzymes work

• Enzyme forms a temporary association with a the
  substance it affects
• These substances are known as substrates.
• The association between enzyme and substrate is
  very specificlike a Lock and Key
• This association is the enzyme-substrate complex
  
• While the enzyme-substrate complex is formed,
  enzyme action takes place.
• Upon completion of the reaction, the enzyme and
  product(s) separate
• The enzyme is now able to be reused

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Enzyme-Substrate Complex
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Enzyme Terms

• Active site the pockets in an enzyme where
  substrate fits
• Usually enzyme is larger than substrate
• Substrate molecules upon which an enzyme acts
• All enzymes are proteins
• Coenzyme non-protein part attached to the main
  enzyme
• Example vitamins

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Proteins in action

•    enzyme
• substrate -------------gt product

Lock and Key Model
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Factors Limiting Enzyme Action

• pH pH of the environment affects enzyme activity
• Example pepsin works best in a pH of 2 in
  stomach
• Amylase works best in a pH of 6.8 in
  mouth--saliva

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Factors Limiting Enzyme Action

• Temperature as the temperature increases the
  rate of enzymes increases
• Optimum Temperature temperature at which an
  enzyme is most affective
• Humans it is 37 degrees C or 98.6 degrees F
• Dogs between 101 and 102 F

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When Temperatures Get Too High

• Denature
• Change in their shape so the enzyme active site
  no longer fits with the substrate
• Enzyme can't function
• Above 45 C or 130 F most enzymes are denatured
• Why do we get a fever when we get sick?

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General Trend vs. Denaturing
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Factors Limiting Enzyme Action

• Concentration of Enzyme and Substrate
• With a fixed amount of enzyme and an excess of
  substrate molecules
• the rate of reaction will increase to a point and
  then level off
• Leveling off occurs because all of the enzyme is
  used up
• Excess substrate has nothing to combine with
• Add more enzyme? reaction rate increases again

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Enzyme-Substrate Concentration
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Nucleic Acids

• Nucleic Acids found in the chromosomes in every
  nucleus of all cells.
• DNA contains the genetic code of instructions.
• found in the chromosomes
• of the nucleus
• Consists of 3 parts called a nucleotide
• 1. phosphate
• 2. sugar
• 3. nitrogen base
• RNA directs protein synthesis
• found in nucleus, ribosomes cytoplasm.