Biochemistry

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Biochemistry

• To be used with Biochemistry Guided Notes

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Organic vs. Inorganic Molecules
Organic Inorganic




Contains Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O)
(Example C6H12O6)
Does not contain C, H, and O at same time
(Example H20)
Carbon is the key elementthe element of life
Water makes up 60 to 98 of living
thingsnecessary for chemical activities and
transport
Carbon can bond with itself and form many times
for bonds (single, double, triple and rings)
Salts help maintain water balance Example
Gatoradeelectrolytes
4 Organic Molecules Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic
Acids Proteins
Acids and Bases -pH Scale -Important for
enzyme function
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Carbohydrates

• Sugars and complex carbohydrates (starches)
• Contain the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (the
  hydrogen is in a 21 ratio to oxygen)
• End in -ose

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Monosaccharides

• Simple sugars
• All have the formula C6H12O6
• Have a single ring structure
• Example Glucose

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Disaccharides

• Double sugars
• All have the formula C12H22O11
• Example sucrose (table sugar)

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Polysaccharides

• Three or more simple sugar units
• Examples
• Glycogen animal starch stored in the liver and
  muscles
• Cellulose indigestible in humans forms cell
  wall in plants
• Starches used as energy storage

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How are complex carbohydrates formed?

• Dehydration synthesis combining simple molecules
  to form a more complex one with the removal of
  water
• Example
• monosaccharide monosaccharide ? disaccharide
  water
• C6H12O6 C6H12O6 ? C12H22O11 H2O
• polysaccharides are formed from repeated
  dehydration synthesis

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Monosaccharide Monosaccharide ?
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Disaccharide
Water
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How are complex carbohydrates broken down?

• Hydrolysis the addition of water to a compound
  to split it into smaller subunits
• also called chemical digestion
• Example
• disaccharide water ? monosaccharide
  monosaccharide
• C12H22O11 H2O ? C6H12O6 C6H12O6

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Lipids

• Lipids (Fats) lipids chiefly function in energy
  storage, protection, and insulation
• contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but the HO
  is not in a 21 ratio
• Examples fats, oils, waxes, steroids
• Lipids tend to be large molecules

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Lipids

• Lipids are formed from one glycerol molecule and
  3 fatty acids
• 3 fatty acids glycerol ?lipid (fat)

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4 Types of Lipids

• Fats from animals
• Saturated solid at room temperature
• All single bonds in the fatty acid tail
• Very difficult to break down

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4 Types of Lipids

• 2. Oils from plants
• Unsaturated liquid at room temperature
• Presence of a double bond in the fatty acid tail
• Ex. Vegetable oils

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Four Types of Lipids

• 3. Waxes ear wax, bees wax

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4 Types of Lipids

• 4. Steroids
• One important molecule that is classified in this
  category is cholesterol
• High levels could lead to heart disease

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Proteins

• Proteins contain the carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
  and nitrogen
• Made at the ribosomes
• Composed of amino acid subunits

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Proteins

• Major Protein Functions
• Growth and repair
• Energy
• Usually end with -in
• Example Hemoglobin

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Making Proteins

• Dehydration synthesis of a dipeptide
• Dipeptide formed from two amino acids
• amino acid amino acid ? dipeptide water

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Breaking down Proteins

• Hydrolysis of a dipeptide
• dipeptide water ? amino acid amino acid

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Proteins

• Polypeptide composed of three or more amino
  acids
• These are proteins
• Examples insulin, hemoglobin, and enzymes
• There are a large number of different types of
  proteins
• The number, kind and sequence of amino acids lead
  to this large variety

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Nucleic Acids

• Nucleic Acids
• present in all cells
• DNA contains the genetic
• code of instructions through
• the synthesis of proteins
• found in the chromosomes
• of the nucleus
• RNA directs protein synthesis
• found in nucleus, ribosomes cytoplasm

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Enzymes

• Catalyst inorganic or organic substance which
  speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without
  entering the reaction itself
• Examples enzymes (organic) and heat (inorganic)
• Enzymes organic catalysts made of protein
• most enzyme names end in ase
• enzymes lower the energy needed to start a
  chemical reaction (activation energy)

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How enzymes work

• Enzyme forms a temporary association with a the
  substance it affects
• These substances are known as substrates.
• The association between enzyme and substrate is
  very specificlike a Lock and Key
• This association is the enzyme-substrate complex
  
• While the enzyme-substrate complex is formed,
  enzyme action takes place.
• Upon completion of the reaction, the enzyme and
  product(s) separate
• The enzyme is now able to be reused

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Enzyme-Substrate Complex
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Enzyme Terms

• Active site the pockets in an enzyme where
  substrate fits
• Usually enzyme is larger than substrate
• Substrate molecules upon which an enzyme acts
• All enzymes are proteins
• Coenzyme non-protein part attached to the main
  enzyme
• Example vitamins

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Proteins in action

•    enzyme
• substrate -------------gt product

Lock and Key Model
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Factors Limiting Enzyme Action

• pH pH of the environment affects enzyme activity
• Example pepsin works best in a pH of 2 in
  stomach
• Amylase works best in a pH of 6.8 in
  mouth--saliva

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Factors Limiting Enzyme Action

• Temperature as the temperature increases the
  rate of enzymes increases
• Optimum Temperature temperature at which an
  enzyme is most affective
• Humans it is 37 degrees C or 98.6 degrees F
• Dogs between 101 and 102 F

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When Temperatures Get Too High

• Denature
• Change in their shape so the enzyme active site
  no longer fits with the substrate
• Enzyme can't function
• Above 45 C most enzymes are denatured
• Why do we get a fever when we get sick?

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General Trend vs. Denaturing
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Factors Limiting Enzyme Action

• Concentration of Enzyme and Substrate
• With a fixed amount of enzyme and an excess of
  substrate molecules
• the rate of reaction will increase to a point and
  then level off
• Leveling off occurs because all of the enzyme is
  used up
• Excess substrate has nothing to combine with
• Add more enzyme? reaction rate increases again

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Enzyme-Substrate Concentration