Biochemistry Introduction

1
Biochemistry Introduction

• Carbohydrates and Lipids
• Biology 2121
• Chapter 2

2
Biochemistry

• What is biochemistry?
• Biochemical molecules (4 major types)
• Macromolecules contain carbon
• Valance 4
• Bonds with oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen

3
Carbohydrates
4
Carbohydrates

• 1. General characteristics
• Contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• Soluble in water (decreases with size)
• Sizes small single units to larger compounds
• 2. Function (s)
• Energy 4 kcal/g
• Cell membrane cell to cell recognition
• 3. Structure
• Monomer monosaccharide
• Polymer polysaccharide

5
Carbohydrates

• 1. Monosaccharides
• C6H12O6 - 3 isomers (glucose, fructose and
  galactose)
• 2. Disaccharides
• Formed by dehydration synthesis
• Broken-up by hydrolysis
• 3. Polysaccharides
• Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose

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Monosaccharides

• Glucose, fructose and galactose are 6-carbon
  sugars
• Deoxyribose and ribose are 5-carbon sugars (DNA
  and RNA)

7
Water Dehydration and Condensation Synthesis
Reactions
Animation
8
Polysaccharides

1. Glycogen STORED IN THE LIVER
2. Starches plants
3. Cellulose - roughage

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Lipids
10
Lipids

• 1. General Characteristics
• Contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• Insoluble in water soluble in other nonpolar
  substances (alcohol)
• Non-polar structure
• 2. Function(s)
• Energy 9 kcal/g
• Cell membrane, steroids, fat-soluble vitamins
• 3. Structure
• Most fatty acid tail (H-C chain) that is
  non-polar

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Functions of Lipids
12

• STRUCTURE OF A TRIGLYCERIDE
• Formation dehydration synthesis
• Single bonding between carbons saturated
• Long FA chains solid at room temperature
• CH2 fatty acid tails
• Animation
• Animation II

13
Triglycerides

• 1. Unsaturated and Polyunsaturated Triglycerides
• Double bonding between the carbons
• Chains bend or form kinks
• Plant lipids olive, corn, safflower oil
• Chains are shorter than saturated fatty acid
  triglycerides

14

• Phospholipids
• BILAYER OF A PLASMA MEMBRANE
• Two FA tails glycerol phosphate (polar)
• Amphipathic polar and non-polar nature

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CHOLESTEROL IS CLASSIFIED AS A STEROL LIPID.
MADE UP OF FUSED CARBON RINGS AND SIDE CHAINS
OF MOLECULES A PRECURSOR TO OTHER STEROIDS
TESTOSTERONE, VITAMIN D Side-chains made each
steroid different