Title: Genetic Engineering
1Genetic Engineering Biotechnology
- What we can do with genes
2RB answers s 32-43
- 32. 2
- 33. People can be tested to diagnose if they have
a certain disease and they can be treated with
hormones that are genetically engineered - 34. 1
- 35. 60 pairs would contain base A
- 36. 3
- 37.1
- 38.1
- 39. 2
- 40.3
- 41.2
- 42. Deficiency wouldnt effect the DNA from
replicating - Proteins couldnt be made b/c the amino acids are
missing - 43. 3
3- The combination of biology and technology has
been making many products better for many years..
such as bread, cheese, and yogurt by using the
best ingredients to make the best products. - This brings about.
VARIATION !!
4Selective Breeding
- Humans select animals or plants with desirable
(beneficial) traits and breed them - This ensures that many of the offspring will have
desirable traits from both parents - This is how we have so many breeds of dogs,
horses, cats and foods! - This is also how we have certain fruits and
vegetables with certain traits known as
genetically modified foods - Does NOT involve actually changing DNA!
5Examples of selective breeding
- meat products have been bred to contain less fat.
- fruits and vegetables we consume have been
selectively bred to be larger, sweeter, hardier,
and even juicier, and resistant to fungus
infections.
6What is Genetic Engineering?
- Technology that humans use to alter DNA or study
DNA - Examples
- DNA Fingerprinting (Gel Electrophoresis)
- Used in paternity testing
- Used as evidence in criminal cases
- DNA Recombination
- Inserting a gene into bacterial DNA
- Bacteria will then construct the protein coded
for in that DNA
7Restriction Enzymes- Video (47 sec)
http//www.youtube.com/watch?v-sI5vy-cD2g
- Special enzymes that recognize certain DNA bases
and then actually cut (splice) the DNA at that
location - Used in DNA Fingerprinting and DNA Recombination
- EXAMPLE EcoRI recognizes GAATTC
- Will cut at this spot between the G and A
- Creates STICKY ENDS (single strands of DNA) that
can bind to new DNA
EcoRI- Commonly used restriction enzyme
8Restriction Enzyme Animation! Lets See!
Steps in Cloning a Gene (683.0K)
9Types of Genetic Engineering
- 1. Gel Electrophoresis- Clip (0.53 min)
- Separates DNA into different banding patterns
based on - NUMBER OF BASES IN EACH CUT STRAND
- DNA is cut up using a restriction enzyme
- This leaves DNA strands of different sizes
- CHARGE OF DNA
- DNA is negatively (-) charged, so it will move
towards a positive charge - DNA separates due to opposite charge at one end
of chamber and how heavy it is - Makes a finger-print
10Gel Electrophoresis animation
Lets See!
11Parents will have similar banding to their
children and vice-versa-used for Paternity tests
- It is important to remember that the childs DNA
came from both of the parents50 from mom 50
from dadand the DNA fingerprint should reflect
this. - Animation Lets See!
12Types of Genetic Engineering cont
- 2. Recombinant DNA Technology
- Inserting gene from one organism into a circular
piece of bacterial DNA called a plasmid - Ex Inserting human insulin gene into bacterium
bacterium will now make insulin for diabetics
13Steps for causing bacteria to make human insulin
by Recombinant technology
- Cut out insulin gene from human DNA using a
restriction enzyme - Cut open bacterial plasmid using same restriction
enzyme - Combine cut plasmids with many copies of human
gene - Several plasmids will accept human gene
- These plasmids now have the ability to make human
insulin - This is a cheaper way to obtain insulin because
it can be produced in greater amounts and there
are smaller risks of side effects since the gene
making the insulin is a human gene.
14Diagram of Recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA You Tube Video (232)
15- Recombinant DNA Clip (3.04 min)
- http//www.youtube.com/watch?vTpmNfv1jKuA
162. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
- Replicating a DNA sequence over and over and over
and over again? - Allows scientists to study specific sequences
- Applications of this include mapping of the
human genome project, single sperm analysis,
molecular archaeology and ancient DNA, molecular
ecology and behavior, disease diagnosis and drug
discovery. - Lets See!
17Benefits of Genetic Engineering
- Making large amounts of a human protein, such as
insulin - Finding cures by altering DNA
- DNA Fingerprinting has helped us to see how
similar certain organisms are - Alter DNA in plants to make them resistant to
certain diseases - Paternity tests!