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Genetic Engineering

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Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology What we can do with genes RB answers # s 32-43 32. 2 33. People can be tested to diagnose if they have a certain disease and ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Genetic Engineering


1
Genetic Engineering Biotechnology
  • What we can do with genes

2
RB answers s 32-43
  • 32. 2
  • 33. People can be tested to diagnose if they have
    a certain disease and they can be treated with
    hormones that are genetically engineered
  • 34. 1
  • 35. 60 pairs would contain base A
  • 36. 3
  • 37.1
  • 38.1
  • 39. 2
  • 40.3
  • 41.2
  • 42. Deficiency wouldnt effect the DNA from
    replicating
  • Proteins couldnt be made b/c the amino acids are
    missing
  • 43. 3

3
  • The combination of biology and technology has
    been making many products better for many years..
    such as bread, cheese, and yogurt by using the
    best ingredients to make the best products.
  • This brings about.

VARIATION !!
4
Selective Breeding
  • Humans select animals or plants with desirable
    (beneficial) traits and breed them
  • This ensures that many of the offspring will have
    desirable traits from both parents
  • This is how we have so many breeds of dogs,
    horses, cats and foods!
  • This is also how we have certain fruits and
    vegetables with certain traits known as
    genetically modified foods
  • Does NOT involve actually changing DNA!

5
Examples of selective breeding
  • meat products have been bred to contain less fat.
  • fruits and vegetables we consume have been
    selectively bred to be larger, sweeter, hardier,
    and even juicier, and resistant to fungus
    infections.

6
What is Genetic Engineering?
  • Technology that humans use to alter DNA or study
    DNA
  • Examples
  • DNA Fingerprinting (Gel Electrophoresis)
  • Used in paternity testing
  • Used as evidence in criminal cases
  • DNA Recombination
  • Inserting a gene into bacterial DNA
  • Bacteria will then construct the protein coded
    for in that DNA

7
Restriction Enzymes- Video (47 sec)
http//www.youtube.com/watch?v-sI5vy-cD2g
  • Special enzymes that recognize certain DNA bases
    and then actually cut (splice) the DNA at that
    location
  • Used in DNA Fingerprinting and DNA Recombination
  • EXAMPLE EcoRI recognizes GAATTC
  • Will cut at this spot between the G and A
  • Creates STICKY ENDS (single strands of DNA) that
    can bind to new DNA

EcoRI- Commonly used restriction enzyme
8
Restriction Enzyme Animation! Lets See!
Steps in Cloning a Gene (683.0K)
9
Types of Genetic Engineering
  • 1. Gel Electrophoresis- Clip (0.53 min)
  • Separates DNA into different banding patterns
    based on
  • NUMBER OF BASES IN EACH CUT STRAND
  • DNA is cut up using a restriction enzyme
  • This leaves DNA strands of different sizes
  • CHARGE OF DNA
  • DNA is negatively (-) charged, so it will move
    towards a positive charge
  • DNA separates due to opposite charge at one end
    of chamber and how heavy it is
  • Makes a finger-print

10
Gel Electrophoresis animation
Lets See!
11
Parents will have similar banding to their
children and vice-versa-used for Paternity tests
  • It is important to remember that the childs DNA
    came from both of the parents50 from mom 50
    from dadand the DNA fingerprint should reflect
    this.
  • Animation Lets See!

12
Types of Genetic Engineering cont
  • 2. Recombinant DNA Technology
  • Inserting gene from one organism into a circular
    piece of bacterial DNA called a plasmid
  • Ex Inserting human insulin gene into bacterium
    bacterium will now make insulin for diabetics

13
Steps for causing bacteria to make human insulin
by Recombinant technology
  • Cut out insulin gene from human DNA using a
    restriction enzyme
  • Cut open bacterial plasmid using same restriction
    enzyme
  • Combine cut plasmids with many copies of human
    gene
  • Several plasmids will accept human gene
  • These plasmids now have the ability to make human
    insulin
  • This is a cheaper way to obtain insulin because
    it can be produced in greater amounts and there
    are smaller risks of side effects since the gene
    making the insulin is a human gene.

14
Diagram of Recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA You Tube Video (232)
15
  • Recombinant DNA Clip (3.04 min)
  • http//www.youtube.com/watch?vTpmNfv1jKuA

16
2. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
  • Replicating a DNA sequence over and over and over
    and over again?
  • Allows scientists to study specific sequences
  • Applications of this include mapping of the
    human genome project, single sperm analysis,
    molecular archaeology and ancient DNA, molecular
    ecology and behavior, disease diagnosis and drug
    discovery.
  • Lets See!

17
Benefits of Genetic Engineering
  • Making large amounts of a human protein, such as
    insulin
  • Finding cures by altering DNA
  • DNA Fingerprinting has helped us to see how
    similar certain organisms are
  • Alter DNA in plants to make them resistant to
    certain diseases
  • Paternity tests!
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