BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING

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BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING

• Text reading
• LAB Lyle and Louis Murder Mystery
• LAB Splicing a plasmid
• LAB Extracting DNA
• Worksheet Gene Technology
• Worksheet
• Chap 16 DNA Tech
• Web activity http//learn.genetics.utah.edu/conten
  t/labs/gel/

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Important 3rd Quarter Dates

• Bonus 1 Feb. 19
• Bonus 2 March 19
• CP 1- Feb 11
• CP 2 March 11
• Video April 5

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• Vocabulary (94-99) restriction enzyme, plasmid,
  gene cloning, gene therapy, chimera, hybrid
• read 226-228, 234,236-239, 246, 247 for next
  section on genetic engineering
• BIOTECHNOLOGY ARTICLES TO READ (ques. due
  Wednesday) (13 pts.)

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Definitions

• Technology any tool that makes life easier
  (toothpick, phone, space shuttle, screwdriver,
  computer)
• Biotechnology the tool is a living creature
  that makes our life easier or better (usually
  dealing at the cellular or DNA level but might
  also include a cow pulling a plow)
• Genetic Engineering - modification of the DNA in
  an organism or exchange of DNA between organisms
  why would we want to do this?

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The next slides are just reminders of concepts
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BASICS OF INHERITANCE

• DNA is the hereditary molecule
• BLUE PRINT for all traits
• Universal and Interchangeable

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HUMAN CHROMOSOMES

• Coiled strands of DNA
• 23 pairs of chromosomes
• 23 from ? egg
• 23 from ? sperm

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DNA EXTRACTION LAB

• Crack open cells (squishing bag of fruit)
• Extract DNA (salty soapy solution)
• Isolate DNA (cold ethanol)
• Stringy and clumpy DNA how does this fit with
  what we learned last chapter?
• Is strawberry DNA the same as human DNA?
• Would we extract human DNA the same way?

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I. Sexual reproduction

• ADD DRAWING TO NEXT PAGE

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II. Hybrid

• Offspring produced by the mating of different
  species.
• Every cell contains DNA from both species
• Can you name some hybrid animals? Peekenese and
  a poodle peek-a-poo
• Horse and a donkey mule
• ADD DRAWING TO NEXT PAGE

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Wolf/dog hybrid
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Liger or tiglon
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Zonkey or zedonk
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Rat/squirrel hybrid
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Llamal llama/camel hybrid
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III Chimera

• Produced in the laboratory
• EMBRYO FUSION- see article on "GEEP"
• Draw diagram of hybrid and chimera

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III Chimera

• Produced in the laboratory
• EMBRYO FUSION- see article on "GEEP"
• Draw diagram of hybrid and chimera

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GEEP
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IV IN VITRO FERTILIZATION Test tube babies

• Procedure
• female injected with hormones to cause ovulation
  of many eggs
• Male donates sperm
• Egg and sperm are mixed in a dish in a lab to
  create embryos
• Embryo implanted in surrogate mother

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Test Tube Babies

• In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) and Embryo Transfer
  (ET)
• 20 success rate

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V. Surrogate Motherhood
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Can be used for

• Infertile couples
• Experimentation
• Increase the population of endangered species
• QUESTION? What do we do with the left over human
  embryos?

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Make it exciting
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VI Genetic Engineering and Moving Genes

• -Human Genome Project (video) HGP READ pg. 236
• -(HGP)sequence all the base pairs in the human
  genome (2-3 billion pairs)
• (100,000 genes)
• -genome -all the possible bases in a species or
  individual

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• gene- DNA sequence that codes for a protein. The
  protein may lead to a visible trait (I.e. eye
  color, hair texture, blood type etc)
• Genetic Disease- disease caused by a defective or
  mutant gene. Considered hereditary, if it can be
  passed on to the next generation (i.e.
  Huntingtons, Sickle Cell are major examples)

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HOW GENTIC ENGINEERING IS DONE

• Recombinant DNA involves 4 steps
• Procedure
• 1. DNA is cut and desired gene is removed
• 2. gene is attached to a vector for delivery into
  another cell
• 3. cloning - multiple copies of the gene are
  made by allowing the host cell to multiply
• 4. screening- cells with the new gene are sorted
  from the multitude produced

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BT Corn
Insulin from bacteria
Artificial insemination or embryo transfer
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How is the DNA cut? (ACTIVITY HERE)

• Restriction enzymes- recognize a specific DNA
  sequence and cuts it at every location
• EcoRI BamHI
• GAATTC GGATCC
• CTTAAG CCTAGG

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• How is the DNA delivered?
• Viruses, yeast or plasmid can be used.
• A plasmid is a loop of DNA that are independent
  of the main DNA of a bacteria cell.

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• The same restriction enzyme is used to open the
  plasmid.
• Nucleotide pairs on the end of the gene and
  plasmid join in a complimentary fashion.
• The gene is now part of the hosts DNA-
  recombinant DNA

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How do the recombinant cells multiply?

• Nutrients are provided to facilitate growth of
  bacteria
• Bacteria grow- they are clones of each other
• Cloning- creating exact genetic copies (bacteria,
  cells, embryos humans?)

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How is the DNA separated?

• Electrophoresis
• http//learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/gel/

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KIDS, CARS AND
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Cloning Around (reproductive cloning)

• All SOMATIC CELLS (body cells) contain DNA
  blueprint for the individual organism
• Any cell can behave like a ZYGOTE to produce an
  entire individual

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• The nucleus of a somatic cell isd placed inside
  an egg cell that has had its nucleus removed.
• Electricity sparks cell division in the
  fertilized egg cell and an embryo is formed.
• The embryo is placed in a womb or suitable
  environment for development.

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CLONING BASICS
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HISTORY OF CLONING

• 1953 frog
• 1996 sheep 277
• 2002 cat 82
• 2003 horse 841
• 2005 dog

ATTEMPTS BEFORE SUCCESS
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• Reproductive Cloning is expensive and inefficient
• CC cost 50,000
• Horse 1/841 .12
• Sheep 1/277 .36

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STEM CELL RESEARCH

• Whats so special about Stem Cells?
• Biological immortality
• Pluripotent- can become any of 220 cell types

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Therapeutic potential

• Pancreas beta cells to produce insulin to relieve
  diabetes
• Dopamine producing cells in the brain to relieve
  Parkinsons disease
• Regrowth of missing limbs

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ADULT STEM CELLS

• cells in adult tissues that are
  undifferentiated
• Multipotent (can become many of the 220 cell
  types)
• Sources
• bone marrow, umbilical cord,
• hair follicle, skin,
• adipose cells, More are known

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Most well know example of Adult Stem Cell bone
marrow stem cells
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VIII Moral and Ethical issues

• WHY IS THIS BEING DONE?
• HOW IS THIS BEING DONE?
• WHO OR WHAT CAN IT BE DONE TO?
• Should this be done?
• Will anyone or any organism be injured?
• Who will benefit from this research?
• Are there alternatives to this procedure?
• How will this be paid for?
• What will be done after the process?
• Is there a danger to the environment?

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TEST FRIDAY BIOTECHNOLOGY

• Text pages (226-228, 234, 236-239,246,247)
• 2 articles w/questions
• Worksheets Gene tech and DNA tech
• L and L Lab activity
• Interpret electrophoresis banding patterns
• Diagram and explain hybrids and chimera
• Provide examples of above
• Explain techniques and uses of IVF and ET
• Vocabulary (94-100)
• Be able to answer the question Pick one example
  of biotechnology that we have studied, explain
  what it is and provide your view of the
  technology

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• Biotechnology Test Review Questions
• Easy
• Small, circular piece of bacterial DNA is called
  a ____.
• Give two examples of vectors
• The entire collection of genes within human cells
  is called the _______________.
• Difference between technology and biotechnology?
• Function of restriction enzymes?
• HGP stands for? How many base pairs in HG? How
  many proteins?
• Difference between surrogate and biological
  mother?
• A _____________ is caused by a defective or
  mutant gene.
• Define gene.
• The first cell created by sexual reproduction is
  called a

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• Medium
• 1. Inserting unrelated pieces of DNA together
  will result in ____________________.
• 2. IVF stands for? What is a synonym used for
  IVF?
• 3. What does transgenic mean?
• 4. Identical twins are considered to be genetic
  ___________.
• 5. How does IVF work? What does the female have
  to do? What does the male have to do?
• 6. Why does IVF sometimes result in twins,
  triplets, or quads?
• 7. Difference between fraternal vs. identical
  twins?
• 8. How does Gel Electrophoresis separate DNA
  fragments?
• 9. What is an example of a genetic disease?
• 10. What kind of ethical questions arise from
  IVF?

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• Difficult
• What is the difference between gene therapy and
  genetic engineering?
• Difference between a hybrid and chimera?
• Steps of genetic engineering?
• The Hind R1 restriction enzyme is used to slice
  DNA at the GAATTC between the G and C.
  Illustrate how this enzyme would precisely cut
  the fragment
• ATTAGATCGCCCTAGAATTCAAGCTGGTAGCTAGCTACATCTA
• TAATCTAGAGGGATCTTAAGTTCGACCATCGATCGATGTAGAT
• What research can be done using gel
  electrophoresis?