Genetic Engineering

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Genetic Engineering

• Chapter 13

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Changing the Living World

• Selective breeding
• Breeding animals with characteristics we want to
  produce offspring with those
• Plants Potatoes or flowers
• Animals dogs or farm animals

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Changing the Living World

• Hybridization
• Cross different individuals to get offspring with
  favorable traits
• The result is a hybrid an individual produced
  from the crossing of two different organisms.

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Changing the Living World

• Inbreeding
• Breed similar individuals over and over to get
  offspring with favorable traits

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Changing the Living World

• Increasing variation
• Inducing mutations
• Radiation
• Chemicals
• Produce mutants an individual showing the
  mutation

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Changing the Living World

• Producing new bacteria
• Small size allows for millions to be treated
• Oil eating bacteria

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Changing the Living World

• Producing new plants
• Chemicals that prevent chromosomal separation
• Polypoidy
• Larger and stronger plants

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13-2 Manipulating DNA

• How can scientists manipulate the code?
• Scientists use their knowledge of the structure
  of DNA and its chemical properties to study and
  change DNA molecules.

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13-2 Manipulating DNA

• Tools of Molecular Biology
• Genetic Engineering
• Making changes in the DNA code of a living
  organism
• DNA Extraction
• Open a cell (mechanical and chemical methods)
• Use a chemical to separate the DNA from the rest
  of the cell parts (an alcohol)

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13-2 Manipulating DNA

• Cutting DNA
• DNA molecules are very long
• Restriction enzymes
• Enzymes that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of
  nucleotides
• Sticky ends these are the cut ends of the DNA

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13-2 Manipulating DNA

• Separating DNA
• Gel electrophoresis
• A mixture of DNA fragments is placed at one end
  of a porous gel (negative end), and an electric
  voltage is applied to the gel
• The molecules will move from negative to positive

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13-2 Manipulating DNA
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13-2 Manipulating DNA

• Using the DNA Sequence
• Once it is separated it is manageable
• It can now be
• Read
• Studied
• Changed

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13-2 Manipulating DNA

• Reading the Sequence
• How do you read unknown DNA?
• You can use
• DNA Polymerase
• Four nucleotides
• Chemical markers

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13-2 Manipulating DNA

• Cutting and Pasting
• DNA synthesizers
• Enzymes join artificial pieces of DNA with
  natural pieces
• Recombinant DNA
• Enzymes join genes from one strand of DNA with
  genes from another strand of DNA

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13-2 Manipulating DNA

• Making Copies
• PCR or Polymerase chain reaction
• Photocopying DNA over and over
• Use strands of DNA that are called primers

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13-3 Cell Transformation

• Transformation
• When a cell takes in foreign DNA and joins it
  with the existing DNA
• This external DNA becomes part of the cells DNA

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13-3 Cell Transformation

• Transforming Bacteria
• Foreign DNA is joined to plasmid
• Plasmid small, circular DNA molecule
• Genetic marker a gene that makes it possible
  see which bacteria are carrying the plasmid (that
  is marked) and which bacteria are not.

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13-3 Cell Transformation

• Transforming Plant Cells
• Using bacterium that normally infect plant cells
  and cause tumors
• Taking away the cell wall some plant cells will
  take up DNA on their own
• If successful recombinant DNA will be found in a
  chromosome of the cell

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13-3 Cell Transformation

• Transforming Animal Cells
• DNA can be injected directly into the nucleus of
  an egg
• Enzymes help insert the new DNA into the eggs
  existing DNA
• New DNA contains markers that tell which cells
  picked up the DNA

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13-4 Applications of Genetic Engineering

• Transgenic Organisms
• Organisms that contain genes from other species
• Firefly and tobacco plant
• Genetic engineering has increased the growth of
  biotechnology

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13-4 Applications of Genetic Engineering

• Transgenic microorganisms
• Bacteria reproduce quickly
• Uses
• Can grow human proteins
• Insulin, growth hormone, and clotting factor

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13-4 Applications of Genetic Engineering

• Transgenic Animals
• Mimic human body for testing
• Faster growing animals
• No more food poisoning
• Grow human proteins

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13-4 Applications of Genetic Engineering
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13-4 Applications of Genetic Engineering

• Transgenic Plants
• Natural insecticide
• Resist weed killing chemicals
• Food resistant to spoiling
• Weather resistant plants
• Grow vitamins or proteins

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13-4 Applications of Genetic Engineering

• Cloning
• Clone - A member of a population of genetically
  identical cells produced from a single cell
• Dolly The cloned sheep from 1997
• Save endangered species