Genetics and Genetic Engineering

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Genetics and Genetic Engineering
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terms

• agar- porous gelatin like material used as a
  support matrix for living cells in artificial
  environments

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centrifuge

• device for separating substances on the basis of
  density

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clones

• organisms or cells of nearly identical genetic
  makeup derived from a single source

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complementary

• containing structures that match or bond with
  related structures

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electrophoresis

• technique used to separate migrating molecules in
  an electrical field

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Excise

• to remove a part by a process similar to cutting

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Expression

• the appearance of a trait directed by a gene

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Genetic code

• a series of three nucleotide bases that determine
  the amino acid order and the proteins formed in
  cell reproduction

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Genetic Engineering

• technology involved in removing, modifying, or
  adding genes to a DNA molecule

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Genetics

• science dealing with passage of traits from one
  generation to another

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Host

• a cell or organism that harbors another organism
  or DNA from a foreign source

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Hybrid

• offspring or cell originating from parents with
  differing genetic makeup

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Ligase

• enzyme used to join two pieces of DNA

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Molecular weight

• sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a
  molecule

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Mutation

• a heritable change in genetic makeup

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Nucleotides

• building blocks of nucleic acid composed of a
  sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogenous base

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Plasmid

• a small, usually circular, piece of DNA that is
  separate from the chromosomal DNA

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Polymerase

• an enzyme that joins nucleotides to make nucleic
  acid

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Recombinant DNA

• DNA that has been altered by genetic engineering

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Restriction enzyme

• restriction endonuclease
• enzyme that cuts DNA strands at specific sites

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sequence

• order of nucleotides or amino acids

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template

• a pattern used for developing a complementary
  structure

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trait

• a characteristic resulting from gene expression

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transform

• to change the genetic makeup of an organism by
  alteration of the DNA

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vector

• an agent such as a plasmid used to transfer DNA
  into a host cell

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Living material

• Organism - unit of living matter capable of
  independent function and reproduction

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Complex Organism

• higher organism
• an organism with cells, tissues, and organs
  arranged to function as a single unit
• ex. Plants, animals, humans

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Organ

• arrangement of tissues which provides life
  support function for an organism
• leaf is an organ that carries out respiration,
  transpiration and ps.

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Tissue

• arrangement of cells with similar structures in
  clusters or sheets for specific function in an
  organ

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Cell

• smallest structural unit of living matter that is
  capable of carrying out basic life processes

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Basic Cell structures

• cell wall - protective layer in plants that keeps
  the cell intact

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cell membrane

• delicate structure that surrounds the cell

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chloroplasts

• site of photosynthesis in plant cells
• contain some DNA

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Cytoplasm

• cell fluid containing all cell structures

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Nucleus

• control center of a cell
• contains most of the DNA

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Chromosomes

• structures that are physical carriers of genes
• made p of DNA
• are located in cell nucleus

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Mitochondria

• energy producing structures in the cell cytoplasm
  
• contain some DNA

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Plasmid

• extra chromosomal piece of DNA
• located in the cell cytoplasm

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Ribosome

• site where new proteins are produced
• result of genetic expression

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Cell reproduction

• mitosis - occurs in body (somatic) cells
• increases by simple division
• chromosomes remain paired during cell division

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meiosis

• occurs in reproductive cells (gametes)

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meiosis

• increases by division into single chromosomes and
  recombination of male and female cells to form a
  new individual

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meiosis

• one chromosome from each parent forms the new
  pair
• each organism has a specific number of paired
  chromosomes

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Genetic engineering

• technology involved in removing, modifying, or
  adding genes to a DNA molecule

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Genetic engineering

• movement of a gene from one organism to another

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Other names

• recombinant DNA technology
• recombinant DNA science
• gene transfer
• gene splicing gene cloning

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Naturally occurring

• alternations in the genetic makeup of plants and
  animals allow them to respond to changes in their
  environment

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Naturally occurring

• some bacteria and viruses change the function of
  cells by inserting their DNA into the DNA of the
  cell

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Naturally occurring

• natural selection ensures that the adapted
  individual leaves offspring for the next
  generation

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Scientific Gen eng.

• Scientists have developed the ability to transfer
  genetic material from one organism to another

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Scientific Gen eng.

• Plasmids found in some organisms can be
  engineered to accept DNA from other sources

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Scientific Gen eng.

• Restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA at
  specific sites
• cut ends of plasmid rings can accept pieces of
  DNA from other organisms

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Scientific Gen eng.

• The ability to cut and splice DNA segments is
  providing many opportunities for changing the
  function of organisms

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