Presentaci

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Women in Venezuela another dimension of the
glass ceiling ?
Felícitas Kort
Professor of Behavioral and Cognitive
Therapy Postgraduate Training in Psychiatry and
Clinical Psychology, Central University of
Venezuela
felicitaskort_at_gmail.com



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THE VENEZUELAN FAMILY OF LOW ECONOMIC INCOME

Binomial relationship
mother-child Woman-without-a-man Male is seen
as a son, not as a man A woman dismisses her
partner, when she has one _______________ Moren
o, A. (1997) La familia popular venezolana




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THE VENEZUELAN FAMILY OF LOW ECONOMIC INCOME

Women are the most
important figure of the venezuelan family She
is the only voice of authority For this
reason they are put in charge to lead the
barrios


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A DIFFERENT VIEW OF GENDER MENS ROLES
A man as an individual is not
understood. He relates-to-the other in an
irrational and emotive relationship Out to
Kill 18 - 24 who act violent behavior are
recoverable if they had a mother, but not if the
bond with her is broken. Men have a bland and
weak discipline, this is why institutions are
weak


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A DIFFERENT VIEW OF GENDER MENS ROLES
Men are submissive to their mother
A man has not a home, he visits his mothers
house Women in the family keep him away
from his siblings. As a father he has no power.
He is a weak , excluded and lonely
figure.



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i.e. Pedro has 15 brothers and sisters,
supposedly 7 of them share the same mother, but
not the same father. The other 8 have the same
father, but not the same mother. From his own
father and mother he is an only child, yet this
is not his family because they never shared
together the same home.
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Our family does not exist . While we
reconstruct the family, many generations will go
by, therefore necessarily the State is the
father Minister of Education, 1999
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THE LIFE OF FELICIA VALERA Moreno, A.
(1988) Conicit
Proactive towards modern technology
Her body is only to bear children
Perceives herself as family, not alone
Violence in the relationship man-woman
Conflicts are solved within the community



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GLASS CEILING A DEFINITION
WOMEN ARE INMERSED IN PREJUDICES
THAT UNABLE HER TO ASCEND HIERARCHICAL
POSITIONS. LIGHT PASSES THROUGH
IT, APPEARS INEXISTENT BUT IS STRONG AND
RESISTENT TO ACCESS


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MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (Commission on the
Status of Women 2009)
3 PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY
AND
EMPOWER WOMEN


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UN-INSTRAW INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND
TRAINING INSTITUTE FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN

• To make a difference in womens lives
• Action-oriented research from a gender
  perspective
• Create knowledge and information exchange
• Build sustainable, efficient institutions.

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PRINCIPLE OF SELF-DETERMINATION Bandura, A.
(1977) Self-efficacy the exercise of control
You have the power to
modify the destiny and the environment where you
live. Human beings are products of and
produce their environment and their social
system, thanks to the flexibility of
self-determination.
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SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY (Bandura, 2001)
Motivation, behavior and emotions are based more
on how you think and perceive them rather than
on what is objectively the situation.
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Behavior matters what each woman
does, the way she thinks and acts determines her
future. To be passive, abstain and give
up generates negative consequences.
Learned helplessness is the inefficacy of not
knowing how to act
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SPECIFIC SHORT TERM GOALS
Inmediate incentive Stimulates
efficacy. Reduces the risk of demoralizing Struc
tured to evaluate progress

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Learning occurs by OBSERVATION MODELLING
IMITATION
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Modulate their behavior Self-regulate
emotions Plan strategies Self-reflect
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SELF-EFFICACY a definition
It is your belief
in your own capacities to organize and complete
successful actions to obtain predetermined goals.

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SELF-EFFICACY Where does it come from ?
LEARNING BY IMITATION MASTERY
OF EXPERIENCES SOCIAL PERSUASION PHYSIOLOGICAL
STATES
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SELF-EFFICACY
What is it good for ? It influences in

• The EFFORTS you make
• The duration of PERSISTENCE when faced with
  obstacles and failures
• Your EMOTIONS
• Your DECISIONS

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COLLECTIVE
EFFICACYBandura et. al (2000), Journal of
Communication Vol 50 No.4

• Perceived self-efficacy refers to beliefs in
  ones capabilities to organize and execute
  courses of action required to produce a given
  attainment
• through collective action, people can improve
  their lives by modifying the character and
  practices of their social systems.

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• "It is our duty as human beings to proceed as
  though the limits of
• our capabilities do not exist
• Teilhard de Chardin 

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