Civil War Unit

1
Civil War Unit

• U.S. History
• Mr. Dunn

2
Causes of War

• Tarriffs
• Enacted to protect northern factories
• Made manufactured goods more expensive for
  southern farmers.
• Source of friction in congress and in the general
  public

3
Causes of War

• 2. Slavery vs Free Labor
• - separate ways of looking at life
• - different core values
• - north relied on cheap immigrant labor
• - south relied on free slave labor

4
Causes of War

• 3. Control of Congress
• - Series of Compromises were developed to calm
  both sides like a Band-Aid covering an infected
  wound.
• - Compromise of 1850
• - Kansas Nebraska Act
• - Missouri Compromise
• - Crittenden Compromise
• - 3/5 Compromise
• - Fugitive Slave Act

5
Causes of War

• 4. The election of Lincoln
• - Last straw for the south
• - Even though Lincoln said he would not outlaw
  slavery in his campaign, southern states didnt
  trust him

6
Importance of the 1st Shot

• Lincoln did not want to start the war
• Northern opposition to war
• It was fine if he were drug into war
• Border States
• Needed to keep Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland and
  Delaware in the Union
• Occupation of Maryland
• Surrounds Washington, D.C. on 3 sides

7
Fort Sumter

• First Battle of the Civil War
• Union Ships tried to re-supply the fort.
• Confederate forces fired on the fort to prevent
  the re-supply effort
• 34 hour bombardment
• Union surrenders the fort when supplies run out
• No casualties on either side
• The war was on!!!

8
Secession

• When Lincoln moved to re-supply Fort Sumter S.
  Carolina, Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi,
  Louisiana and Texas seceded from the Union.
• When Lincoln called for Federal Troops following
  Ft. Sumter, Arkansas, N. Carolina, Tennessee
  Virginia seceded.

9
Confederate and Union Resources and Positions
10
Northern Position Start of War

• Slavery tolerated and legal
• Preserve Union
• Population advantage
• 2.1 million serve in military during war
• Factory capacity
• 110,000 factories with numerous facilities that
  could produce weapons, railroad track and
  locomotives.
• Wealth
• 81 of nations banks located in the north
• Aided in financing the war
• Had to fight offensive war
• Unfamiliar territory
• Poor Military Leadership
• Generals were inexperienced or incompetent or
  both

11
Southern Position

• Slavery is common and is supported by the
  majority of society
• Fought to preserve Slavery
• Sparse population - 8.5 million with 4 million
  slaves
• 800,000 men serve in the military during the war
• Factory Capacity
• 10,000 factories with 1 foundry with the ability
  to manufacture weapons, railroads and locomotives
• Able to fight defensive war
• Familiar territory
• Defending own homes
• Excellent Military Leadership
• Experienced, battle hardened commanders

12
War Strategies - North

• Anaconda Plan
• Based on regions geography
• Divide south at Appalachian mountains
• Control Mississippi River and capture western
  ports
• Blockade south on the east and the south
• Capture Richmond
• Totally cut off the south from the outside world
• Destroy transport hubs
• War of attrition

13
War Strategies - South

• Invade the North and Capture Washington
• Gain support from Europe if they could show that
  the south could win
• Shatter Northern Morale by capturing capitol
• Use cotton as leverage to get help from Europe
• Speedy Conclusion

14
Opposition to the War

• South
• Conscription also known as the draft
• Mostly the poor whites were drafted the
  large plantation owners were granted exemptions
  (were excused from the draft) this caused
  widespread anger in poor southerners
• North
• Carpetbaggers Southern sympathizers who made
  speeches and wrote articles in the north that
  were in support of the souths war effort
• It became such a problem for Lincoln that he
  suspended the Writ of Habeas Corpus and
  imprisoned copperheads without trial

15
1st Bull Run

• 1st major land battle of the civil war
• War as a spectator sport
• Stonewall Jackson rallies confederate troops
• First use of the rebel yell
• Considered Confederate Victory
• Over 4,000 casualties

16
Eastern Theatre

• Peninsula Campaign
• Gen. McClellan moved troops from D.C. to Richmond
• Series of small battles that end in an attempted
  siege of Richmond
• Confederate Forces were able to break the siege
  and push back the Union army

17
Seven Days Battle

• Confederate forces attack Union as the Union is
  setting up the Siege of Richmond
• This counterattack fought back union advances
  from the peninsula campaign and led to the firing
  of Union General George McClellan
• Attack was considered a Confederate victory

18
McClellan

• Commander of the Army of the Potomac (Union)
• Was an excellent organizer, supplier and trainer
  of armies
• Did not like to place army in danger
• Was a slow, plodding decision-maker
• Because he did not follow and engage confederate
  forces following the battles of Seven Pines and
  Yorktown, The confederates were able to regroup,
  bring in reserves and counterattack
• Lincoln fired him following the mistakes at
  Richmond

19
Western Theatre

• Forces led by new general Ulysses S. Grant
• Aimed to secure the Tennessee and Cumberland
  Rivers so troops could easily be moved into
  Tennessee
• Combined naval and ground forces
• First Union Victories at Fort Henry and Fort
  Donaldson
• nickname Unconditional Surrender Grant

20
Shiloh

• P.T. Beauregard led confederates in attack
  against Grants troops
• Day 1 very intense fighting, and Rebels had Union
  pinned against Tennessee River
• Grants advisors urged retreat
• Day 2 - Grant surprise counterattack after
  fierce fighting rebel forces retreat giving Grant
  another victory

21
War at Sea

• Blockade
• North used its superior navy to blockade the
  southern and eastern shoreline
• 1st use of ironclad warships
• Monitor and the Merrimack

USS Monitor - Union
CSS Merrimack CSA
22
War at Sea

• Battle of New Orleans
• Admiral David Farragut led Union ships past fort
  guarding New Orleans and captured the city.
• Citizens of the city were furious, but Union
  controlled the mouth of the Mississippi

23
2nd Bull Run

• Manassas, Virginia Aug. 1862
• - Lee (CSA) defeats Pope (Union)
• - Lee splits army and tries flanking maneuver on
  Popes Army
• - maneuver was a success
• Confederate Victory
• Led to Popes removal as Commander of the Army of
  the Potomac

24
Confederate Invasion of the North

• Battle of Antietam
• Occurred in Sharpsburg, Maryland
• 17 days long
• 1st Major battle on Union soil
• 23,000 dead
• Union victory, however Lee continued to fight
  battles on Union soil
• This victory discouraged European Powers to
  become involved didnt think the south could win

25
Emancipation Proclamation

• Lincolns plan to free the slaves in the states
  in rebellion Sept. 1862
• Wartime necessity went into effect on Jan. 1,
  1863.
• Did not free slaves in the states that remained
  loyal to the union
• Psychological warfare
• What to do with escaped slaves? They had to be
  free to be employed by the US govt.
• Needed a union victory to announce plan so that
  he didnt sound desperate Antietam gave him
  that battle

26
Emancipation Proclamation
27
Effects of the Emancipation Proclamation
28
Fredericksburg

• Union 114,000 troops led by Burnside
• CSA 75,000 troops led by Lee
• Union frontal attack across an open plain (poor
  leadership)
• CSA had high ground with good fields of fire
• Referred to as the shooting gallery or the
  slaughter pen
• CSA wins battle 12,000 union dead, 5000 CSA
  dead
• Lincoln transfers Burnside (fired) and appoints
  General Hooker to replace him

29
Chancellorsville

• Hooker (Union) divided army of 134,000 into 3
  parts
• Lee also split his troops and attacked
• CSA wins battle
• Lost Gen. Stonewall Jackson who was shot
  mistakenly by his own troops he died 8 days
  later

30
The Battle of Gettysburg

• Lee invades north a 2nd time with 75,000 troops
• Purpose was to get supplies
• Scouts found a large store of shoes in Gettysburg
• Unaware of 2 large brigades of union troops on
  the high ground outside of town
• Day 1 Union forces attack raiding party that
  was after the shoes
• CSA forces push the union line back to Cemetery
  Hill and Cemetery Ridge
• CSA held Seminary Ridge
• North held the high ground and pounded CSA troops
  with artillery

31
Battle of Gettysburg

• Day 2 Lee attacks Union left flank (a hill
  called Little Round Top)
• Union lines held
• Day 3 - Lee attacks Union center at Cemetery
  Ridge attack known as Picketts charge
• Union lines held and Lee was forced to retreat
• Bad weather and indecision prevented Gen. Meade
  (union) from pursuing Lee and the CSA forces as
  they retreated back into Virginia

32
Battle of Gettysburg
33
Battle of Gettysburg

• Casualties
• Union 23,000
• Confederate 20,000
• Critical turning point in the war
• Lincoln Our army held the war in the hollow of
  their hand and they would not close it.

34
Gettysburg Address

• Lincolns address dedicating a cemetery for
  fallen soldiers at the Gettysburg Battlefield
• The short speech was widely criticized at the
  time but is now considered one of the best in
  history

35
Vicksburg

• Grant splits troops
• Held off 1 confederate army near Jackson, MS
• Surrounded another in Vicksburg
• CSA had high ground and Grants forces took heavy
  losses
• Laid seige to the city for 6 weeks until the CSA
  ran out of Ammo and food.
• Nothing allowed in or out of Vicksburg
• CSA unable to break out at Jackson to re-supply
  Vicksburg
• Grant waited patiently

36
Vicksburg

• Demanded Unconditional surrender
• CSA surrender on July 3, 1863
• Union now controlled the Mississippi
• Louisiana, Texas , and Arkansas are now cut off
  from the rest of the south and are effectively
  out of the war

37
Lincoln finds his General

• Grant was trained at West Point, but was not a
  good student (2nd to last in his class)
• He drank too much
• He had a weakness for the ladies
• He understood men and strategy
• Willing to take risks
• Very stubborn
• Made decisions and stuck to them
• Drove men hard, but was respected by them
• Was not afraid to put men in harms way almost
  to a fault
• Unconditional surrender

Ulysses S. Grant
Grant at Cold Harbor
Grant and staff at War Planning Meeting
38
War of Attrition

• Strategy that attempted to keep engaging the
  south in battle until they ran out of men,
  supplies and will to fight
• Effective strategy with brutal results
• Total war not only attack the enemies army, but
  society as well
• Civilians as casualties of war

Fort Sumter Ruins
Recovering the dead
Petersburg
Columbia, SC ruins
Richmond
Richmond
Shiloh
39
Wilderness Campaign

• Grant repeatedly forced Lees troops to engage
  and fight.
• Grant lost 60,000 men during this period
• CSA losses mounted as well and they were running
  out of supplies and men
• At the conclusion of the Wilderness Campaign,
  Grant laid siege to Petersburg to rest and regroup

Wilderness Campaign
Siege of Petersburg
40
Shermans March to the Sea

• Sherman used total war to capture Atlanta
• He then proceeded to destroy everything in his
  path on his march to the sea
• Captured Charleston using same tactics
• Burned or destroyed everything in his path

41
Appomattox

• Terms of surrender
• Confederate Officers could keep their side arms
• All soldiers would be fed
• All soldiers would be allowed to keep their
  horses or mules
• None would be tried for treason

42
Final Surrender

• April 26th, 1865 General Joseph Johnston
  surrendered to General Sherman at Durham Station,
  N.C. under similar terms to those at Appomattox
• The war was finally over