WWII

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WWII Home Front
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A. Military Mobilization
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Enlistment in the Military

• Draft Reinstated
• This time they were screened
• Became known as GIs
• 13 million men served

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Women in the Service

• WAC WAVES formed as auxiliary units
• Jobs
• Medical Aid
• Pilots
• Cryptography
• Administrative Duties

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Minorities in the ServiceAfrican Americans

• 1 million served in segregated non-combat units
• Faced Discrimination
• Tuskegee
• Airmen
• 332nd Fighter Group

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Minorities in the ServiceNative Americans

• Over 25,000 served
• Served as Code Talkers
• Most famous were the Navajo

Navajo Code Talkers
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B. Economic Mobilization
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Office for War Mobilization (OWM)

• In charge of coordinating all of the new war
  agencies

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War Production Board

• Regulated the production and allocation of
  materials and fuel
• It rationed such things as gasoline, heating oil,
  metals, rubber, and plastics

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Office of War Information

• Informed people about the war
• Used the press, radio, and film industry

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Financing the War

• 250 million per day to fight
• Beginning of National Debt
• 1941 - 49 billion ?
• 1945 - 259 billion

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2/5 was pay as we go, 3/5 was borrowed
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• Ways that the war was financed
• Taxes
• 1941 4 million tax returns filed
• 1945 50 million tax returns filed
• War Bonds
• Over 185.7 billion sold because of effective
  propaganda campaign

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Effect on the Economy

• Factories operated around the clock for 7 days a
  week, but are producing less consumer goods than
  are demanded
• Shift to defense spending which would continue
  until the end of the Cold War
• Created a shift in the population to the
  Sunbelt region (CA some areas of the South)

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Women Rosie the Riveter

• Over 5 million women went to work
• Rosie propaganda encouraged women to work
• Industrial jobs were just a variation of domestic
  tasks
• Still earned less than men
• Forced back into homes after war

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Other New Workers

• Bracero Program (1942) brought 200,000 Mexicans
  into the U.S for short-term employment

Bracero Workers
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War Labor Board

• Sought to maintain relations between workers and
  management
• Union membership increased to 30 of industrial
  workers
• 1943 United Mine Workers Strike prompted more
  government action

John L. Lewis
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Smith-Connolly Antistrike Act (1943)

• Gave the President the authority to end strikes
• Govt could take control of mines or penalize the
  strikers

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C. Controlling Inflation
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The Inflation Problem

• ? employment ?
• ? ?Consumer goods
• INFLATION

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Office of Price Administration (OPA)

• Created to deal with inflation
• Froze prices and rent
• Rationed scarce supplies

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Types of Rationing

• Certificate Apply for permission to buy a
  product
• If approved you got a certificate

• Coupon Families were issued coupon books to buy
  more common items
• No coupon, no buying

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Volunteerism Recycling

• Americans voluntarily gave up some goods to help
  the war effort
• Recycling began to conserve resources

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• Anti-Inflation measures were successful
• WWI inflation was 170
• WWII inflation was 29

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D. Discrimination in America
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African-AmericansDouble V Campaign

• Allied victory abroad civil rights victory at
  home
• Led by A. Phillip Randolph
• March on Washington Movement 1941

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Executive Order 8802

• Established the Fair Employment Practices
  Committee
• Ended discrimination in the defense industry
• 1st federal law to promote equal opportunities

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Race Riots

• Tensions in cities
• Violence plagued 47 cities
• Detroit 1942 worst race riot

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Mexican-Americans and the Zoot Suit Riots (1943)

• Young Mexican-Americans wore clothing called
  Zoot Suits
• June 1943 violence erupted between the sailors
  and Zoot Suiters

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E. Japanese Internment
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American View of Japanese-Americans 1942
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Executive Order 9066

• Japanese on the West Coast seen as potential
  spies
• February 19, 1942 FDR orders all
  Japanese-Americans (Issei Niesi) to relocation
  camps
• Over 110,000 Japanese-Americans rounded up

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Santa Anita Assembly Center
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The Camps

• 10 Locations in 7 states

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Korematsu v. the United States (1944)

• Supreme Court decision that upheld the internment
  of the Japanese as constitutional

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Greatest Civil Rights Violation

• 105 million of farmland lost
• 500 million in yearly income lost
• Unknown amounts of personal property
• No act of sabotage ever proven against the
  internees

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Reparations and Apology

• 1988 Reagan finally apologizes
• 1990 Congress authorizes 20,000 to each
  surviving internee