Atoms, Bonding, Inorganic Molecules, Water, pH and Macromolecules

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Atoms, Bonding, Inorganic Molecules, Water, pH
and Macromolecules
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Atoms

• The building block of matter that makes up- well
  everything
• Made of three parts
• Proton- positive charge, in center nucleus
• Neutron- no charge, in nucleus
• Electron- negative charge- orbit the nucleus in
  levels

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Elementan atom with a specific number of protons
and unique properties
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Periodic Table of Elements90 naturally found and
25 man made
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SodiumSymbol NaProtons 11Properties soft,
silvery, white metal, very reactive, highly
soluble (dissolve) in water
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ChlorineSymbol ClProtons 17Properties
poisonous, smelly yellow-green gas, dissolves in
water, not flammable
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Atoms bond together to make a molecule with new,
unique traits.
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Covalent Bond

• Electrons are shared between 2 atoms

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Ionic Bond

• One atom gives electron to another atom becoming
  positively charged
• Other atom accepts the electron becoming
  negatively charged
• and - attract

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NaClSodium and chlorine bond ionically and form
table salt with new properties
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Polar Molecule

• Molecule with uneven sharing of electrons causing
  areas of positive and negative charge
• Water is a polar molecule
• This makes it able to form hydrogen bonds

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Hydrogen Bond

• Hydrogen bonds covalently with a larger atom
• Electron goes around both atoms but is with the
  larger atom more
• Larger atom gains a slight negative charge
• Hydrogen atom gains a light positive charge
• Positive and negative regions of polar molecules
  are attracted to each other

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Organic Molecules have CarbonInorganic
Molecules do not have Carbon
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Carbon is VERY importantIt is able to make many
single, double, triple and quadruple covalent
bonds with other elementsAll living things are
made with carbon based molecules
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Water is an inorganic molecule
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Water

• H2O
• 2 Hydrogen and 1 Oxygen bonded covalently

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Properties of Water
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Three States of Matter

• Solid- ice, Liquid- water, Gas- vapor

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Cohesion

• Attraction of water to itself
• allows for surface tension

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Adhesion

• Water attracted to other things
• allows for a meniscus

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Universal Solvent

• Able to dissolve many different types of chemicals

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Less Dense as a Solid

• Molecules spread out as a solid while they are
  closer together as a liquid

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High Specific Heat

• Large amount of energy is needed to change the
• temperature of
• water- increase and decrease water temperature

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pH means percent HydrogenWater splits into H
(Hydrogen ion) and OH- (Hydroxide)
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pH Scaleranges from 0 to 14
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Acid0 (strongest)-6.5 (weakest)0 has the
highest concentration of H (hydrogen ion) but
the lowest of OH- (hydroxide)
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Neutral6.5-7.5Nearly no H (hydrogen ion) or
OH- (hydroxide)
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Basic/Alkaline7.5 (weakest) to 14 (strongest)14
has the lowest concentration of H (hydrogen ion)
but the highest of OH- (hydroxide)
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Important nutrients include Carbohydrates,
Lipids and Proteins, as well as minerals and
vitamins

• Nutrients are necessary to maintain your health
  as they allow for growth and cell function

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• When talking about nutrition energy is measured
  by kilocalories (kcal).
• A kilocalorie is the measure of how much energy
  is needed to raise I gram of water by 1 degree
  Celsius.
• 1 kilocalorie 1 Calorie 1,000 calories

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Macromolecules

• Another name is a polymer
• Made of many repeating units called monomers

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Carbohydrates

• Monomer monosaccharide ex) glucose, deoxyribose,
  ribose, fructose
• Polymer polysaccharide ex) starch, glycogen,
  cellulose

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How Carbohydrates are Absorbed

• Carbohydrates must be broken down into
  monosaccharides in order to be used by the body
  as only monosaccharides may pass into the blood
  stream
• They provide 4 kcal per gram.

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Function of Carbohydrates in the Cell

• Short-term energy that will be used within _at_24
  hours
• Cell communication and recognition- glycolipids
  and glycoproteins serve as antigens

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Lipids

• All substances that are not able to be dissolved
  in water
• Called hydrophobic- hydro- means water and
  -phobic means to repel
• No monomer
• Polymers Fats, Oils, Waxes, Steroid Hormones,
  Triglycerides, Phospholipid

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How are Lipids Absorbed by the Body

• Lipids must be hydrolyzed, broken down, into
  smaller components to be absorbed by the blood or
  lymph system.
• Lipids provide 7 kcal of energy per gram

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Functions of Lipids

• Long-term energy storage
• Insulation
• Protection of organs
• Water proofing
• Communication- hormones
• Make the cell membrane- phospholipids
• Add flexibility to membranes

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Proteins

• Monomer amino acid (20 types)
• Polymer polypeptide
• Proteins provide 4 kcal per gram and are a great
  source of nitrogen

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Protein Structures
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Functions of Proteins

• Energy
• Structure (muscle)
• Transport (cell membrane integral and peripheral
  proteins)
• Communication (non steroid hormones)
• Speed up reactions (enzymes)

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Enzymes are complex proteins that are a catalyst-
they speed up reactions
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Benefits of Enzymes

• substrate specific- each enzyme will only fit
  with one substrate.
• reusable
• unchanged by a reaction
• make reactions such as digestion happen faster
  then it would if there was no enzyme- supports
  life

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Lock and Key

• The enzyme has an area called the active site.
  The active site has a shape. A substrate with
  the same shape can fit in the active site. A
  reaction happens faster the it could have without
  the enzyme. Products of the reaction are
  released.

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But there are things that can change how well an
enzyme works called inhibitors
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These denature the enzyme or make it unfold,
changed shape.
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Environmental InhibitorsTemperature, Ionic
Concentration, pH
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Competitive Inhibitors

• Something that is not the correct substrate goes
  into the active site and blocks the substrate
  from entering.

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Noncompetitive Inhibitors

• Substance binds to an area of the enzyme and
  change the shape of the active site. Now the
  substrate will not fit.

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Nucleic Acids

• Monomer Nucleotide
• Polymer Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and
  Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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Function of Nucleic Acids

• DNA carries all the genetic information of an
  organism
• RNA is a copy of the DNA that can be used by the
  cell

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Vitamins

• Organic molecules that assist in regulating the
  body but do not provide energy
• Soluble in fat or water

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Fat-Soluble Vitamins

• Dissolve in fats and oils
• Stored in the body
• Include vitamins K, A, D and E

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Water-Soluble Vitamins

• Remain dissolved in water
• Excess are filtered out by the kidneys and are
  not stored by the body
• Include vitamin C and B

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Minerals

• Inorganic molecules required for body processes
• Fluid regulation, bone composition, muscle
  movement and nerve response
• We need 100 mg per day of major minerals
  (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium,
  chloride)
• We need less than 100 mg of trace minerals (iron,
  zinc, copper, iodine, fluoride)