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CELIAC

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Where Health Care Professionals Go for Information Cancer Treatment Options: Medical Interventions Review Date 2/12 O-0535 Contributed by Jason Machowsky, MS, RD, CDN ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: CELIAC


1
Where Health Care Professionals Go for Information
Cancer Treatment Options Medical Interventions
Review Date 2/12 O-0535
Contributed by Jason Machowsky, MS, RD, CDN, CSCS
2
Where Health Care Professionals Go for Information
  • This presentation provides general information
    about cancer treatment options. Consult with your
    health care professional if you have any
    questions or for additional information because
    each case is unique.

3
Conventional Treatment Options
  • Surgery
  • Chemotherapy
  • Radiation therapy

4
Surgery
  • Sometimes used to diagnose, treat, or prevent
    (prophylactic) cancer
  • Extent of surgery and potential for anesthesia
    depends on condition
  • Preoperative testing sometimes needed to
    determine appropriateness and ability to recover
    from surgery

5
Surgery (contd)
  • The best chance of a cure from many types of
    cancer is to remove all of the cancer as soon as
    possible after diagnosis. If you have a solid
    tumor, sometimes surgery alone will cure the
    cancer, but you may need chemotherapy, radiation
    therapy, or other treatment, too. Your health
    care team will discuss your best treatment
    options with you.
  • Source American Cancer Society Web site

6
Surgery (contd)
  • Minor surgeries and biopsies have lower risk than
    major surgery/incisions
  • Risks are generally low, but may include
  • During surgery Bleeding, damage to internal
    organs, and reactions to anesthesia or drugs used
  • After surgery Pain, infection, bleeding, and
    slow recovery of other body function (ie, bowels)

7
Chemotherapy
  • Use of medicines or drugs to treat cancer/disease
  • Unlike radiation or surgery that targets a
    particular area, chemotherapy works throughout
    the body and can kill cancer cells that have
    spread to other parts of the body, far from the
    original tumor

8
Chemotherapy (contd)
  • Goals of chemotherapy Cure, slow growth, kill
    any spreading cancer cells, and relieve cancer
    symptoms
  • May receive chemotherapy orally, via the skin, or
    injected into the body

9
Chemotherapy (contd)
  • Potential side effects
  • Anemia
  • Fatigue
  • Hair loss
  • Increased risk of bleeding, bruising, and
    infection
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Appetite changes and/or weight change

10
Chemotherapy (contd)
  • Potential side effects (contd)
  • Constipation and/or diarrhea
  • Mouth, gum, and throat problems
  • Nerve or muscle problems
  • Skin and nail changes
  • Bladder, kidney, or urine problems

11
Radiation Therapy
  • Local exposure of the body to high energy
    particles or waves (X-ray, gamma rays, electron
    beams, etc) to destroy or damage cancer cells
  • Often performed multiple times for the same cancer

12
Radiation Therapy (contd)
  • Many types of radiation therapy treatments are
    availableselection depends upon the cancer and
    severity
  • Sometimes given orally or intravenously (IV), but
    still usually has only local effects
  • Given alone or in conjunction with other treatment

13
Radiation Therapy (contd)
  • Potential side effects
  • Fatigue
  • Skin problems
  • Hair loss
  • Blood count changes
  • Eating problems
  • Damage to healthy cells
  • Small, but increased risk of another cancer

14
Taking Care of Yourself During Radiation
  • Get rest
  • Eat a balanced and nutritious diet
  • Take care of your skin at the treated area
  • Tell your doctor about all medications before
    treatment

15
Progressive Treatment Options
  • Targeted therapy
  • Immunotherapy
  • Hyperthermia
  • Lasers
  • Photodynamic therapy
  • Bone marrow and stem cell transplants
  • Molecular targeted therapy

16
Targeted Therapy
  • Drugs that specifically target cancer cells by
    identifying cancer-specific gene changes
  • Can typically attack cancer cells with little
    damage to normal cells, resulting in different
    and usually less severe side effects than
    traditional chemotherapy

17
Targeted Therapy (contd)
  • Used for many types of cancer to cure, slow
    growth, kill metastases, or relieve symptoms
  • Types of targeted therapy
  • Enzyme inhibitors
  • Apoptosis-inducing drugs
  • Angiogenesis inhibitors

18
Targeted Therapy (contd)
  • Side effects and severity vary based on the
    person and type of cancer treated
  • Potential side effects
  • Skin problems (ie, rash, dry skin, and itching)
  • Changes in hair growth or color
  • Changes around the eyes
  • High blood pressure
  • Bleeding and clotting issues

19
Targeted Therapy (contd)
  • Potential side effects (contd)
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Constipation
  • Mouth sores
  • Shortness of breath
  • Cough
  • Fatigue
  • Headache
  • Hand and foot swelling

20
Immunotherapy
  • Uses your own immune system to fight cancer by
    stimulating your own immune system (active) or
    supplementing with immune system components
    (passive)
  • May treat some cancers on its own, but typically
    used in conjunction with other treatments

21
Immunotherapy (contd)
  • Examples include monoclonal antibodies, vaccines,
    and immunomodulating agents
  • Certain immunotherapy agents are approved to
    treat certain cancers
  • Side effects depend on type of immunotherapy
    performed

22
Immunotherapy (contd)
  • Side effects may include
  • Fever
  • Chills
  • Weakness
  • Headache
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Low blood pressure

23
Immunotherapy (contd)
  • Side effects may include (contd)
  • Rashes
  • Bleeding
  • Fatigue
  • Joint pain
  • Thinning hair

24
Hyperthermia
  • Currently experimental and not widely used (under
    clinical trials)
  • May use high temperatures in localized areas to
    destroy small tumors
  • Raises regional or total body temperature to
    promote better effects of chemotherapy or
    radiation therapy

25
Hyperthermia (contd)
  • Careful control of temperature, time, and
    location is important, but not always easy to do

26
Hyperthermia (contd)
  • Local side effects may include
  • Pain
  • Infection
  • Bleeding
  • Blood clots
  • Swelling
  • Burns and blistering
  • Local tissue damage

27
Hyperthermia (contd)
  • Regional/whole body side effects may include
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Potential, but rare, problems with the heart,
    blood vessels, and other major organs

28
Lasers
  • For very careful surgical work, such as cutting
    through body tissue or repairing the retina
  • Different types include CO2, argon, and neodymium
  • Shrinks or destroys a tumor with heat
  • May activate a drug as part of photodynamic
    therapy

29
Lasers (contd)
  • Pros
  • More precise than scalpels
  • The heat can help sterilize during cutting and
    reduce infection risk
  • Less bleeding, swelling, pain, or scarring
  • May shorten operating time, even outpatient
  • Often less invasive
  • Healing time typically shorter

30
Lasers (contd)
  • Drawbacks
  • Few doctors are trained to use lasers
  • Lasers are expensive and large compared to other
    surgical instruments
  • Strict surgical safety precautions required
  • May require multiple treatments to fully
    eliminate a cancer

31
Photodynamic Therapy
  • Uses specialized photosensitizing agent drugs,
    typically injected into the bloodstream, and
    light to kill cancer cells
  • Drug is absorbed over time by the cancer cells
    and light is applied to
  • Create a chemical that kills the cells
  • Destroy cancer-feeding blood vessels
  • Alert the immune system to attack cancer cells

32
Photodynamic Therapy (contd)
  • As effective as surgery and radiation in certain
    cancers, but can only impact areas reached by
    light (skin and linings of organs)
  • Drugs on market
  • Porfimer sodium
  • Aminolevulinic acid (ALA)
  • Methyl ester of ALA

33
Photodynamic Therapy (contd)
  • Pros
  • No long-term side effects when used properly
  • Less invasive than surgery
  • Usually quick, outpatient treatment
  • Can have precise targeting
  • Can repeat at the same site
  • Little or no permanent scarring
  • Costs less than many other treatments

34
Photodynamic Therapy (contd)
  • Drawbacks
  • Not always appropriate for deeper or
    significantly spread cancers
  • Not used for those with certain blood diseases or
    who are allergic to porphyrins
  • Skin and eyes may stay sensitive to light for
    some time, from 30 days3 months
  • Swelling in the treated area

35
Photodynamic Therapy (contd)
  • Side effects depend on the drug and treatment
    site, but may include
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Fever
  • Dehydration
  • Headache
  • Hiccups

36
Photodynamic Therapy (contd)
  • Side effects depend on the drug and treatment
    site, but may include (contd)
  • Shortness of breath
  • Coughing up blood
  • Pneumonia
  • Bronchitis

37
Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplants
  • Can help with certain leukemia, myeloma, and
    lymphoma treatments
  • May use to replace bone marrow destroyed by
    disease, including blood-related cancers,
    chemotherapy, or radiation
  • Stem cells are grafted into the patient after a
    high dose of radiation/chemotherapy
  • May come from patient or matched donor

38
Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplants (contd)
  • Tests are required to determine appropriateness
    for procedure
  • Patients who do best are usually
  • Younger
  • In early stage of disease
  • Have not already had many treatments

39
Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplants (contd)
  • Insurance may not cover or cover well
  • In-patient hospital stay necessary
  • Significant demand placed on the body, possibly
    including central venous line placement

40
Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplants (contd)
  • Possible short-term side effects
  • Fever and chills
  • Shortness of breath
  • Hives
  • Chest tightness
  • Low blood pressure

41
Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplants (contd)
  • Possible short-term side effects (contd)
  • Coughing
  • Chest pain
  • Low urine output
  • Weakness

42
Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplants (contd)
  • Possible long-term side effects, including 1
    year later
  • Graft-versus-host disease
  • Infections
  • Lung, kidney, liver, and heart problems
  • Low thyroid levels
  • Fatigue
  • Memory loss
  • Depression

43
Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplants (contd)
  • Possible long-term side effects, including 1
    year later (contd)
  • Cataracts
  • Slowed growth (children)
  • Reproductive problems
  • Secondary cancers
  • Changes in social relationships and feelings

44
Molecular Targeted Therapy
  • High specificity medications designed to inhibit
    proteins, genes, and pathways unique to cancerous
    cells
  • Can help fight or delay progression of the
    disease
  • Still new to the market and clinical trials
  • Availability depends on type of cancer

45
Molecular Targeted Therapy (contd)
  • Usually used in combination with traditional
    therapies
  • Fewer side effects than other options
  • Diarrhea
  • Skin rash
  • Fatigue

46
References and Resources
  • American Cancer Society. Treatment types.
    Available at
  • http//www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideE
    ffects/TreatmentTypes/index. Accessed February
    23, 2012.
  • For more references and resources on cancer,
    visit the Oncology Center at http//rd411.com/.
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