SOL Review

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SOL Review

• Trading Patterns - Reformation

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Major Trading Patterns

• Silk Road overland trade route that carried
  goods from the Mediterranean cultures across
  Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia to China
  and back
• Maritime Routes (Indian Ocean) brought Chinese
  products by sea to destinations around the Indian
  Ocean and beyond

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Major Trading Patterns

• Trans-Saharan Routes trade of gold and salt
• Mediterranean Trade Network linked up with the
  Silk Road, Indian Ocean, and Trans-Saharan Routes
  to distribute products to Mediterranean ports
  (connected Europe to North Africa, Byzantine
  Empire, and Muslim Empires)

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Renaissance

• Definition period of rebirth and creativity
• Humanism - Study of classical culture focused
  on worldly subjects rather than on religious
  issues (differed from Middle Ages focus was on
  salvation and the church)
• Italian Renaissance - stressed education and
  revival of classical themes
• Northern Renaissance - stressed education and the
  revival of classical themes religious and moral
  reform

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World Religions (Judaism)

• Founder Abraham
• Holy Book Torah
• Main Beliefs Ten Commandments (moral and
  religious conduct)
• Location in 1500 Europe and Middle East
• Location Today North America and Israel

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World Religions (Christianity)

• Founder Jesus
• Holy Book Bible
• Main Beliefs Jesus is the Son of God, life
  after death, New Testament (life of Jesus)
• Location in 1500 Europe and Middle East
• Location Today North America, South America,
  and Europe

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World Religions (Islam)

• Founder Muhammad
• Holy Book Quran
• Main Beliefs Muhammad (prophet) Five Pillars
  Mecca Medina (holy cities)
• Location in 1500 Southeastern Europe, North
  Africa, and Asia
• Location Today Asia, North Africa, and Middle
  East

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World Religions (Hinduism)

• Founder N/A
• Holy Book Vedas and Upanishads
• Main Beliefs Caste System, Reincarnation,
  Karma, and Dharma
• Location in 1500 India Southeast Asia
• Location Today - India

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World Religions (Buddhism)

• Founder Siddhartha Gautama
• Holy Book N/A
• Main Beliefs Four Noble Truths, Reincarnation,
  Karma, Dharma, Eightfold Path
• Location in 1500 East and Southeast Asia
• Location Today East and Southeast Asia

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Reformation (Four Major Problems)

• Great Schism
• Usury (supported by merchants/opposed by the
  Church)
• Italian Domination (German and English
  Nationalism)
• Corruption (Indulgences)

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Martin Luther

• Major Issue sale of indulgences
• Actions created 95 Theses (arguments against
  indulgences) and posted them on the door of
  Wittenbergs All Saints Church believed
  indulgences had no basis in the Bible
• Salvation Faith Alone (only needed to believe
  to get to heaven)
• Views about the Bible only source of religious
  truth (do not need a priest to interpret it for
  you)

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Martin Luther

• Luthers Church
• 1. Priests and church hierarchy do not
• have special power
• 2. Priesthood of all Believers we all
• have equal access to God through
• faith and the Bible (do not need
• priests)

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John Calvin

• Bible only source of religious truth
• Salvation predestination (god had long ago
  determined who would gain salvation saints and
  sinners)
• Church Hierarchy theocracy (government run by
  church leaders)
• Religious Practices hard work, discipline,
  honesty, morality, etc (want people to believe
  that you are among the saints)

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English Reformation

• Henry VIII Defender of the Faith (attacked
  Luther for the Catholic Church) Broke with Rome
  (wanted a male heir) ? Anglican Church (Elizabeth
  I) Act of Supremacy made king or queen of
  England head of the Church took land and wealth
  from Catholic Church in England

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Impact of Reformation

• Peace of Augsburg allowed German princes to
  select religion (protestant or catholic)
• Thirty Years War Holy Roman Emperor wanted to
  stop the spread of Protestantism (war between
  Protestants and Catholics) Germany remained
  divided
• Anglican Church Church of England
• Edict of Nantes religious freedom for French
  Protestants (Huguenots)

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Catholic Reformation

• Jesuits seek out and punish heretics spread
  Catholic Faith
• Inquisition enforce Catholic doctrine/punish
  heretics
• Successful stopped spread of Protestantism and
  some came back to the Catholic Church

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Changing Cultural Values, Traditions, and
Philosophies

• Growth of Secularism (opposite of religious),
  individualism (humanism), and religious tolerance
• No longer a unified Church in Europe (multiple
  Christian groups)

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Printing Press

• Invented by Guttenberg
• Bible first book printed
• Books became cheaper/knowledge increased