The War Begins

1
The War Begins

• The Big Idea
• The rise of aggressive totalitarian governments
  led to the start of World War II.
• Main Ideas
• During the 1930s, totalitarian governments rose
  to power in Europe and Japan.
• German expansion led to the start of World War II
  in Europe in 1939.
• The United States joined the war after Japan
  attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941.

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Main Idea 1 During the 1930s, totalitarian
governments rose to power in Europe and Japan.

• Several European countries moved towards
  totalitarianism, a political system in which the
  government controls every aspect of citizens
  lives.

1930s

• Benito Mussolini gained complete control of Italy
  in 1922.
• Rule based on fascism, a political system in
  which the state or government is seen as more
  important than individuals.
• In the mid-1930s, began working to expand
  territory

Italy

• Adolf Hitler took advantage of public anger over
  effects of Treaty of Versailles to gain power.
• A member of the National Socialist Party, or
  Nazis
• Became chancellor in 1933 and seized all
  government power
• Blamed others for Germanys problems, including
  Jews and Communists

Germany
3
The Soviet Union and Japan

• Joseph Stalin became dictator of the Soviet Union
  by 1928.
• Communist ruler
• Terrorized those he saw as political enemies,
  killing or imprisoning millions of Soviet citizens

Soviet Union

• Group of military leaders slowly gained complete
  control of government.
• By 1930s, had more influence than the Japanese
  emperor
• Wanted to build a large Japanese empire in East
  Asia
• Invaded China and killed hundreds of thousands

Japan
4
Main Idea 2German expansion led to the start of
World War II in Europe in 1939.

• Hitler dreamed of avenging Germanys defeat in
  World War I.
• Violated the Treaty of Versailles
• Rebuilt German military
• Invaded neighboring Rhineland in 1936
• Germany signed an alliance with Italy and formed
  the Axis Powers.
• Japan later joined this pact.

5
Hitler Sets His Sights on Sudetenland

• Hitler demanded control of Sudetenland, a region
  of Czechoslovakia.
• Czechs turned to allies France and Great Britain.
• Neither wanted armed conflict.
• Took appeasement approach a policy of avoiding
  war with an aggressive nation by giving in to its
  demands.
• Germany was given control over the Sudetenland in
  return for a promise not to demand more land.
• Some, including British admiral Winston
  Churchill, were convinced this would not stop
  Hitler.

6
Hitler Moves West

• August 1939 Hitler and Stalin sign
  non-aggression pact.

September 1, 1939 German forces invade Poland
World War II begins.
September 3, 1939 Britain and France, known as
the Allied Powers, declare war on Germany.
Hitler uses a blitzkrieg, or lightning war,
strategy of quick and hard attacks in Poland
Allied Powers are not prepared.
October 1939 Germany and Soviet forces control
Poland.
Spring 1940 Germany quickly conquers Denmark,
Norway, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands.
June 22, 1940 France surrenders to Germany, but
French resistance continues.
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Battle of Britain

• Hitler prepared for invasion of Britain.
• In July 1940 the Luftwaffe, or German air force,
  began attacking British planes and airfields.
• In August the Luftwaffe began bombing British
  cities.
• British Royal Air Force destroyed some 2,300
  Luftwaffe aircraft.
• Used new technology of radar
• Hitler cancelled invasion of Britain.

8
Main Idea 3 The United States joined the war
after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941.

• The United States opposed Hitlers actions, but
  refused to enter war.
• In 1940 President Franklin Roosevelt was
  reelected.
• In 1941 Roosevelt proposed and Congress passed
  the Lend-Lease Act, allowing the president to aid
  any nations believed vital to U.S. defense.
• Began sending war supplies and assistance to
  Great Britain, China, and other Allied countries
• Sent supplies to Soviet Union after Hitler
  invaded it in June 1941

9
Attack on Pearl Harbor

• United States protested Japanese invasion of
  French Indochina in July 1941.
• Japanese military leaders planned large-scale
  attack on U.S. naval fleet at Pearl Harbor in
  Hawaii.
• December 7, 1941 Japanese planes attacked Pearl
  Harbor.
• Sank or damaged all of the U.S. battleships
  anchored at Pearl Harbor.
• More than 2,400 Americans killed
• Almost 200 airplanes destroyed
• December 8, 1941 United States declared war on
  Japan.
• Germany declared war on the United States.

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The Home Front Section 2

• The Big Idea
• American involvement in World War II helped the
  U.S. economy and changed the lives of many
  Americans.
• Main Ideas
• Businesses, soldiers, and citizens worked to
  prepare the United States for war.
• The war brought new opportunities for many women
  and minorities.
• Japanese Americans faced internment during the
  war.

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Main Idea 1Businesses, soldiers, and citizens
worked to prepare for war.

• Factories ran 24 hours a day.
• Agricultural production increased.
• Effort of mobilizing for war brought end to the
  Great Depression

Businesses

• Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 was
  nations first peacetime draft.
• More than 16 million Americans served during war.

Soldiers

• War Production Board created by government to
  oversee conversion of factories to war production
• Increased taxes
• Sold war bonds

Government

• Collected scrap metal to be used in war factories
• Learned to use less in order to supply overseas
  troops

Civilians
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Main Idea 2The war brought new opportunities
for many women and minorities.

• Women in Workforce
• New opportunities when war broke out
• Because so many men were sent to war, the
  government urged women to fill their places in
  the workplace.
• Women worked in factories at jobs traditionally
  held only by men.

• Women in Military
• About 300,000 women served in the armed forces in
  non-combat positions.
• Womens Auxiliary Army Corps
• Womens Airforce Service
• Army and navy nurses served in combat areas.

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African Americans in World War II
Civilians

• African American labor leader A. Philip Randolph
  fought for fair treatment of African Americans in
  workplace.
• Roosevelt issued an order prohibiting racial
  discrimination in the government and companies
  producing war goods.

Military

• About 1 million African Americans served in World
  War II, mostly in segregated units.
• The Tuskegee Airmen were African American pilots.
• Led by Benjamin O. Davis, who later became the
  first African American general in the U.S. Air
  Force
• Flew thousands of successful combat missions

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Mexican Americans in World War II

• About 300,000 served in the military
• Many found wartime jobs on West Coast and in
  Midwest.
• Government brought in farm workers from Mexico,
  called braceros.
• To make up for shortage of farm workers
• About 200,000 Mexicans worked in this program.
• Mexican American youth culture grew.
• Blended different music styles and clothing
  styles
• Some wore zoot suits fancy, loose-fitting
  outfits with oversized hats.
• Many faced discrimination.
• June 1943 in Los Angeles zoot-suit riots,
  sailors attacked Mexican Americans wearing zoot
  suits.

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Main Idea 3Japanese Americans faced internment
during the war.

• After Pearl Harbor, some Americans began to look
  at Japanese Americans with fear and suspicion.
• Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066.
• Allowed government to begin process of
  internment, or forced relocation and
  imprisonment, of Japanese Americans
• 115,000 Japanese Americans evacuated from homes
  and held in isolated internment camps.
• Government initially banned Japanese Americans
  from serving in military.
• Policy reversed in 1943.
• 33,000 U.S.-born citizens of Japanese descent, or
  Nisei, served in World War II.

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War in Europe and North Africa Section 3

• The Big Idea
• After fierce fighting in North Africa and Europe,
  the Allies stopped the German advance and slowly
  began driving back German forces.
• Main Ideas
• The Allies fought back against the Axis Powers in
  North Africa and Europe.
• Key Allied victories halted the German advance.
• In the D-Day invasion, Allied forces attacked
  German-controlled France.

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Main Idea 1The Allies fought back against the
Axis Powers in North Africa and Europe.
Allies Join Forces

• Roosevelt and Churchill meet to develop Allied
  plan.
• Priority defeat the Germans

New Technologies

• Sonar uses sound waves to detect objects
  underwater
• Long-range aircraft allowed Allies to drop bombs
  on German factories, railroads and cities

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Main Idea 2Key Allied victories halted the
German advance.

• North Africa
• 1942 German Afrika Korps began North Africa
  offensive against Egypt.
• British stopped them at Battle of El Alamein.
• U.S. and British troops led by Dwight D.
  Eisenhower advanced from Morocco and Algeria to
  defeat Germans.

• Italy
• July 1943 Allied forces invaded Sicily and
  headed to mainland Italy.
• Slowly moved northward along western coast
• June 1944 Allied forces captured Rome.
• 1945 Germans driven out of Italy and Mussolini
  executed by Italian freedom fighters.

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Eastern Front

• Massive German and Soviet armies battled on
  eastern front.
• By mid-1942, Axis armies had driven deep into
  Soviet Union.
• German forces advanced to fight Battle of
  Stalingrad.
• Savage street fighting continued for months.
• German supplies began to run low.
• Winter set in and thousands of Germans froze or
  starved to death.
• In January 1943 the German commander surrendered.
• Soviet victory came at an enormous cost.
• More than 1 million Soviet soldiers dead
• About 800,000 Axis soldiers killed

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Main Idea 3In the D-Day invasion, Allied forces
attacked German-controlled France.

• Invasion of German-occupied France
• First step toward liberating Europe and forcing
  Hitler to surrender
• Dwight Eisenhower spent months in planning.
• June 6, 1944 D-Day, or designated day
• American, British, and Canadian troops invade
  France from Great Britain.
• Americans landed on two beaches, codenamed Utah
  and Omaha.
• Fierce fighting
• Almost 3,000 killed or wounded at Omaha Beach
  alone.
• By end of day, all five Normandy beaches secured.
• Allies began moving east toward Germany.

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War in the Pacific

• The Big Idea
• Allied forces reversed Japans expansion in the
  Pacific and battled toward the main Japanese
  islands.
• Main Ideas
• The Japanese continued advancing across the
  Pacific in 1942.
• The Allies stopped Japans advance with key
  victories over the Japanese navy.
• The Allies began battling toward Japan.

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Main Idea 1The Japanese continued advancing
across the Pacific in 1942.

• Attack on Pearl Harbor left U.S. Pacific fleet
  weakened.
• Japan advanced and conquered Thailand, Burma, the
  British colonies of Hong Kong and Singapore, and
  the U.S. territories of Guam and Wake Island.
• Japanese then attacked U.S. controlled
  Philippines.
• American and Filipino forces under command of
  American general Douglas MacArthur
• March 1942 Allied forces surrender Philippines
  to Japan.
• Japanese march more than 70,000 captured soldiers
  to prison camps.
• More than 600 Americans and 10,000 Filipinos died
  in the Bataan Death March.

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Main Idea 2The Allies stopped Japans advance
with key victories over the Japanese navy.

• Allies feared continued Japanese advance.
• Americans were able to break Japanese codes and
  discovered battle plans.
• American admiral Chester Nimitz led the U.S.
  Pacific Fleet in Allied response.

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Key Victories in the Pacific

• Battle of the Coral Sea
• Japanese planned assault on Port Moresby, New
  Guinea.
• American and Japanese aircraft carriers and
  fighter planes clashed.
• No clear victor, but Japanese advance halted

• Battle of Midway
• 
  
• Japanese planned surprise attack on Midway
  Islands.
• June 4, 1942 Japanese attack and American
  fighters launch
• American bombers destroy four carriers and
  severely weaken Japanese naval power.
• Allied victory

• Guadalcanal
• Allies began recapturing Japanese territory.
• August 1942 American Marines invade Guadalcanal.
  
• Six months of intense fighting
• February 1943 Allied victory

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Main Idea 3The Allies began battling toward
Japan.

• Allies go on offensive
• Develop island hopping strategy, where Allied
  forces took only the most strategically important
  islands.
• Win victories in Gilbert, Marshall, Mariana,
  Volcano, and Bonin Islands.
• October 1944 General MacArthur leads mission to
  retake Philippines.
• Confrontation at Battle of Leyte Gulf largest
  naval battle in history
• Allies crush Japanese fleet.
• Allied forces drive out all Japanese forces by
  summer 1945.
• Allied planes begin bombing targets in Japan.
• Japanese refused to surrender.

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Final Battles
Iwo Jima

• February 1945 U.S. Marines storm beaches of Iwo
  Jima
• Month of bloody fighting
• Of 20,000 Japanese defenders, about a thousand
  were taken prisoner, the rest were killed or
  wounded in battle.
• Around 6,800 Americans killed

Okinawa

• April 1945 U.S. forces attack Okinawa.
• Fighting lasts three months
• Japanese planes use kamikaze tactic purposely
  crashing piloted planes into enemy ships.
• Severe casualties
• Allies 12,000 dead, 36,000 wounded
• Japan 110,00 troops and 80,000 civilians dead

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Iwo Jima
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Victory and Consequences

• The Big Idea
• The Allies won World War II, the most devastating
  war in world history.
• Main Ideas
• The Allies gained victory in Europe with
  Germanys surrender.
• Nazis murdered millions of Jews and other people
  in the Holocaust.
• Victory in the Pacific came after the United
  States dropped atomic bombs on Japan.

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Main Idea 1The Allies gained victory in Europe
with Germanys surrender.

• After D-Day invasion, hundreds of thousands of
  Allied troops land
• Allies begin moving toward Germany.
• July 1944 Allied forces break western front.
• August 1944 Paris is liberated.
• Allies push through Belgium and Luxembourg.
• Germans plan desperate attack.
• Push Allied forces back about 65 miles in the
  Battle of the Bulge
• Allies recover quickly and stop German advance.

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Allied Push Toward Germany

• January 1945 Germans began to retreat.
• Losses heavy between 70,000 and 81,000 American
  casualties and even greater German loss
• Allied bombing raids devastate major German
  cities.
• April 1945 Soviet troops enter Berlin.
• April 12, 1945 U.S. President Franklin D.
  Roosevelt dies of stroke.
• May 8, 1945 V-E (Victory in Europe) Day
• New United States president Harry S. Truman faces
  challenge of winning war in Pacific.

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Main Idea 2Nazis murdered millions of Jews and
other people in the Holocaust.
Final Solution

• Nazis attempted to exterminate the entire Jewish
  population in a program of mass murder known as
  the Holocaust.
• January 1942 Nazi officials met to plan their
  final solution to the Jewish question, which
  was genocide, or the extermination of an entire
  group of people.

The Death Camps

• Nazis forced Jews and others, including Gypsies,
  Slavs, and political opponents, into
  concentration camps.
• Camps were equipped with gas chambers designed to
  kill large numbers of people, and furnaces to
  cremate victims bodies.
• More than 6 million Jews were killed as well as
  millions of others.

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Main Idea 3Victory in the Pacific came after
the United States dropped atomic bombs on Japan.

• Allied scientists developed the atomic bomb, a
  weapon that produces tremendous power by
  splitting atoms, in a secret program known as the
  Manhattan Project.
• When Japanese leaders refused to surrender,
  President Truman ordered use of the bomb.
• August 6, 1945 the B-29 bomber Enola Gay drops
  an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima.
• Explosion killed almost 80,000 people instantly.
• Thousands more died from burns and radiation
  poisoning.
• Japanese leaders still refused to surrender.

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End of World War II

• August 9, 1945 U.S. forces drop a second atomic
  bomb on city of Nagasaki.
• One-third of the city destroyed
• 22,000 people killed instantly 50,000 people
  killed (total)
• August 15, 1945 Japanese announce their
  surrender thus ending World War II.
• The war took a harsh toll.
• 50 million people killed
• National economies in Europe and Asia devastated
• Millions of people left without food, water, or
  shelter