Title: Kingdom
1Kingdom Plantae
1
2Unit Goals (as they relate to plants)
- Students will analyze the nature of the
relationships between structures and functions in
living cells. - a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the
cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and
cell reproduction. - d. Explain the impact of water on life processes
(i.e., osmosis, diffusion). - Students will analyze how biological traits are
passed on to successive generations. - e. Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction
and asexual reproduction in different situations.
- Students will derive the relationship between
single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the
increasing complexity of systems. - a. Explain the cycling of energy through the
processes of photosynthesis and respiration. - b. Compare how structures and function vary
between the six kingdoms (archaebacteria,
eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals).
2
3Unit Goals (as they relate to plants)
- Students will assess the dependence of all
organisms on one another and the flow of energy
and matter within their ecosystems. - e. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms,
to the ability to survive stressful environmental
conditions. - Students will evaluate the role of natural
selection in the development of the theory of
evolution. - d. Relate natural selection to changes in
organisms.
3
4Kingdom Plantae Characteristics
b. Compare how structures and function vary
between the six kingdoms (archaebacteria,
eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals).
- are multicellular.
- are eukaryotes.
- are autotrophic.
- photosynthesize.
- have cellulose cell walls.
- can reproduce sexually asexually have tissues
that have been organized into organs and organ
systems.
Plants
Organisms are grouped into kingdoms based on
genetic and anatomic similarities.
4
5Brief History of Plants
d. Relate natural selection to changes in
organisms.
Green algae are believed to be the ancestors of
modern plants
The invasion of land by plants probably occurred
about 450 million years ago
- First land plants were small mosses and ferns
that had to live near water.
Plants slowly began to adapt to life on land, and
spread to all biomes and climates. -----Adapting
to different environment.
We are going to look at adaptation that plant
have to help them survive in different
environments.
5
6Minerals
Sunlight
What plants need to live
Gas Exchange
Water
For Photosynthesis
6
7What plants need how they obtain it.
Overview
- Plants are called autotrophs, meaning
self-feeding. - They make Glucose (a carbohydrate) from sunlight
energy. - Need
- Energy
- Carbon Dioxide
- Water
- Other minerals
7
86CO2 6H2O energy from sunlight ? C6H12O6 6O2
Energy is needed by all organisms to carry out
processes
8
9Photosynthesis
6CO2 6H2O energy from sunlight ? C6H12O6 6O2
- Plants are Autotrophs
- This trapped energy is used to convert the
inorganic raw materials CO2 and H2O to
carbohydrates and O2. - The key to this process is the pigment
chlorophyll.
9
10Chloroplasts
- Explain the role of cell organelles for both
prokaryotic eukaryotic cells, including the
cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and
cell reproduction. - b. Compare how structures and function vary
between the six kingdoms (archaebacteria,
eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals).
- Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts
11.1
11How is energy cycled through the processes of
photosynthesis and respiration?
- Explain the cycling of energy through the
processes of photosynthesis and respiration.
- Autotrophs store energy in glucose.
- Heterotrophs eat autotrophs, and use the glucose
for energy to carry out all of life's processes.
Sunlight energy
Autotrophs (photosynthesis)
Heterotrophs (Respiration)
Flow of energy in the environment.
11.2
126CO2 6H2O energy from sunlight ? C6H12O6 6O2
12
13Leaves
- CO2 enters through the pores in the leaves called
stomata. - Adaptation
- Some leaves have a waxy coating to prevent water
loss. - Bark on stems helps to insulate the tissues.
Stomata
13
146CO2 6H2O energy from sunlight ? C6H12O6 6O2
d. Explain the impact of water on life processes
(i.e., osmosis, diffusion).
- Uptake and Movement of water
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15Water diffuses into the roots. -Osmosis? High to
low
H2O
H2O
H2O
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16Transpiration
16
Evaporation of water from the leaves
- Adaptations
- Close stomata during the hottest part of the day
to prevent water loss.
17Water Storage
e. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms,
to the ability to survive stressful environmental
conditions.
17
- Cacti have modified stems and leaves for storing
water. - Helps them to survive dry conditions.
18Roots stems aremodified in many plants into
storage organs in order to survive through winter
underground.
22
Food Storage
e. Relate plant adaptations to the ability to
survive stressful environmental conditions
18
Tulips, daffodils, potatoes, carrots, onions,
garlic.
19- e. Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction
and asexual reproduction in different situations.
- e. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms,
to the ability to survive stressful environmental
conditions.
Sexual vs. Asexual -Sexual allows for the mixing
of genes- increasing genetic variation -Asexual
allows for reproduction when there is no other
option- NO increase in genetic variation
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20Sexual Reproductionallows for the mixing of
genes- increasing genetic variation
- Sperm fuses with an egg
- Some plants have flowers.
- Animal pollination
- Some plants have cones.
- Wind pollinated
- Some have neither. (Ferns mosses).
- Must live near water. Sperm must swim to egg.
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21Not all plants have flowers
Sexual reproduction
21
22Flowers are unique reproductive organs that
produce seeds surrounded by a fruit.
Flowers attract pollinators. Helps insure
pollination
Female
Male
Pollination -transfer of pollen Pollen Sperm
22
23Seeds are produced after pollination
fertilization. -A seed is the baby plant.
- Seeds provide a small food supply
- Protects
- Aids in dispersal
the sprouting of a seed is called germination.
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24Adaptations/ Advantages
Seeds can tolerate unfavorable conditions by
becoming dormant. When conditions become
favorable, the seed sprouts into a new plant.
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25Seeds can be dispersed by wind, water and animals.
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26Not all plants have seeds.
Some produce Spores-specialized structures that
can grow directly into a new plant
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27- Many flowers that depend on insects for
pollination are brightly colored and fragrant, to
draw attention to them
Seeds, pollen, flowers, fruit are adaptations
that allow some plants to survive in a wide
variety of environments.
- Flowers can be pollinated in a number of ways, by
the wind, insects, birds, animals, even bats.
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28Tropisms
- e. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms,
to the ability to survive stressful environmental
conditions.
28
Tropism a plants response to their
environment 1- Gravitropism (Geotropism)a
plants response to gravity 2-
Phototropism a plants response to light 3-
Thigmotropism a plants response to
touch
Characteristic of living things -Plants can
respond to their environment
Cool Fact Oldest living trees Bristle Cone
pines
29- Geotropism/Gravitropism
- the response of seedlings to the force of
gravity. - important when seeds are sprouting.
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30- causes the roots to grow downward and the stems
to grow upward, no matter what the position of
the seed may be when it is planted.
Geotropism/Gravitropism
30
31Phototropism
tropism Clips
- The ability of the plant to respond to light.
- If a plant is placed near a window or another
light source, the plant will grow in the
direction of the light source. - A phototropic response can happen so quickly that
even a seedling will respond within a few hours.
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32Phototropism
32
3333
tropism Clips
Thigmotropism
- The response of a plant to touch.
- Climbing plants, ivy, and vines use thigmotropism
in order to find their way up or around a solid
object for support.
34Can plants defend themselves?
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- Mechanical defense -incorporated into the
physical structure of the organism. - thorns, spines and stiff hairs that repel a
predator. - Chemical defense - occurs when the plant produces
stinging sensations, paralysis, poisoning, or
just a bad taste. - Chemical compounds that taste bad, while others
contain sap that is an irritant or poison - Camouflage
- the organism blends into its environment or
appear to be something they are not
35Land Adaptations
Green algae are believed to be the ancestors of
modern plants
- To move from the water to land, plants had to
adapt - systems that would support their weight
- provide transport of water and nutrients
- protection from drying out,
- and insulation from the sun and temperature
changes.
invasion of land by plants probably occurred
about 450 million years ago
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36Plant Adaptations Review
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37Plant Adaptations- A Review
- Seeds go dormant
- Modified roots and stems are places for storage
- Ex Cacti, potatoes, carrots
- Dropping of leaves in winter.
- Waxy coating on leaves (Cuticle- made of
Cutin-Lipid) - Bark on trees- helping to insulate the tissues
inside - The branches of the conifers are flexible,
allowing for them to bend instead of break under
the weight of ice and snow.
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38Plant Adaptations- A Review
- Pollinated in a number of ways wind, insects,
birds, animals. - Maple trees produce seeds that are shaped like a
wing. They have the nickname of helicopters. - carried over long distances by the wind.
- Some plants produce seeds that have hooks or
barbs on them that attach to the fur of passing
animals. These have the nickname of
hitchhikers. - Many flowers that depend on insects for
pollination are brightly colored and fragrant, to
draw attention to them. - Pollen will rub off on the insect and they will
carry it to another flower. The coconuts from
palm trees float. They will travel from one beach
to the next or even from one island to another.
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39 4039
One main difference between members of the
Kingdoms Plantae and Animalia is the ability to A
obtain energy B reproduce C move D exchange gases
4140
What characteristics of some pine trees allows
the species to survive disasters? A modified
leaves form needle bundles B seeds that
germinate after fires C pollen that is easily
carried by wind D bark that is lightly colored
42- Plants that live in the rainforest have many
adaptations to their environment. Some plants
such as vines have adaptations which allow them
to attach themselves to the trunks of trees.
These adaptations allow vines to successfully
compete for which of the following limiting
resources in the rainforest? - A sunlight
- B water
- C carbon dioxide
- D oxygen
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