Ancient Rome and the Rise of Christianity

1
Ancient Rome and the Rise of Christianity

• Chapter 5

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The Roman World Takes Shape

• Section 1

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Roman Civilization Arises in Italy

• Italian peninsula is centrally located in the
  Mediterranean Sea, and the city of Rome sits
  toward the center of Italy.

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Unifying the lands of Italy

• Italy was much easier to unify than Greece
• Not broken up into small, isolated valleys
• Apennine mountains are less rugged than the
  mountains of Greece
• Has broad fertile plains in the north and west.

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Early Peoples Settle Italy

• By 800 B.C. the Latins migrated to Italy.
• The Latins settled along the Tiber River.
• Etruscans lived north of Rome and ruled much of
  central Italy
• Romans adopted the Etruscan alphabet,
  engineering, and gods and goddesses.

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The Romans Establish a Republic

• 509 B.C. marks the beginning of the Roman state
  when the Romans drove out their Etruscan ruler.
• Form of government was called a res publica or
  that which belongs to the people.
• People chose some of the officials
• Prevent any individual from gaining too much
  power.

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Structuring the Republic

• Senate was the most powerful governing body.
• 300 members were patricians.
• Senators served for life.
• Senators nominated two consuls from the patrician
  class whose job was to supervise the business of
  government and command the armies.
• -Consuls only served one term to limit power.

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Structuring the Republic

• In the event of war, the senate might choose a
  dictator, or ruler who has complete control over
  a government.
• Ruled for 6 months
• Organize an army and lead them to victory just
  like Cincinnatus

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Plebeians fight for their rights

• Plebeians the farmers, merchants, artisans, and
  traders who made up the bulk of the population.
• Plebeians elected tribunes to protect their
  interests.
• The tribunes could veto those laws that they felt
  were harmful to plebeians
• Forced the government to write down the Roman
  laws on twelve tablets.

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Laws on Twelve Tablets
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The role of women changes over time

• Roman women played a larger role in society than
  did Greek women.
• They could own property
• Ran businesses
• Patrician women went to public events with their
  husbands
• Some had political influence
• Most women however worked at home, raising
  families, spinning, and weaving.

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Romans Educate Children

• Upper and lower class children learned to read
  and write
• Children memorized major events and developments
  in Roman history
• Rhetoric was an important subject for boys who
  wanted to pursue political careers.

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Mars and Jupiter
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Citizen-soldiers make up the Roman army

• Loyal and well-trained army.
• Basic military unit was the legion, each of which
  included 5,000 men.
• Originally men fought without being paid and had
  to provide their own weapons
• Eventually they received a small stipend but
  their main compensation was always a share of the
  spoils of victory.

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Roman Legion
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Rome is just with conquered lands

• Treated its defeated enemies with justice
• Conquered people had to acknowledge Roman
  leadership, pay taxes, and supply soldiers for
  the Roman army.

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From Republic to Empire

• Section 2

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Rome grows through conquest

• Romes conquest of the Italian peninsula brought
  it into conflict with Carthage, a city-state on
  the northern coast of Africa.

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Rome fights Carthage in the Punic Wars

• In the first Punic War Rome defeated Carthage and
  won the islands of Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia.

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2nd Punic War

• In the 2nd Punic War Carthage sought revenge.
• Carthage General Hannibal led an army with dozens
  of war elephants and men
• Was winning battles all across Italy
• Failed to capture Rome itself.
• Romans will eventually defeat Hannibal

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3rd Punic War

• Rome completely destroyed Carthage.
• Survivors were killed or sold into slavery.
• The Romans were not masters of the Western
  Mediterranean.

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Ruling the Mediterranean

• Romans were committed to Imperialism
  Establishing control over foreign lands and
  peoples..
• Controlled the Hellenistic rulers who had divided
  the empire of Alexander the Great.
• Controlled Macedonia, Greece, and parts of Asia
  Minor

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The Impact at Home

• Conquest of trade routes brought riches to Rome.
• Wealthy Romans bought up huge estates called
  latifundia.
• Forced people to work on the latifundia.
• Gap between rich and poor widened and angry mobs
  began to riot.

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Making Attempts at Reform

• Two Patrician brothers names Tiberius and Gaius
  Gracchus were the first to bring reform.
• Tiberius wanted the state to distribute land to
  poor farmers
• Gaius Gracchus wanted to use public funds to buy
  grain to feed the poor

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The Roman Republic Declines

• Rome plunged into a series of civil wars
• Slave uprisings

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Julius Caesar the Dictator

• In 58 B.C., Caesar set out with his army to make
  new conquests. After 9 years of fighting, he
  completed the conquest of Gaul
• Some people in the Senate wanted Caesar to
  disband his army, but he fought on.
• I came, I saw, I conquered he said after
  announcing one victory.

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Julius Caesar
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Caesar Makes Reforms

• He launched a program of public works to employ
  the jobless and gave public land to the poor.
• Granted Roman citizenship to more people
• Introduced a new calendar based on that of the
  Egyptians.

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Caesar Killed, War Follows

• Caesars enemies worried that he planned to make
  himself King of Rome so they planned to kill him.
• In 44 B.C. Caesar arrived in the senate and his
  enemies stabbed him to death.
• This brought on a new round of Civil Wars.
• Octavian and Mark Anthony joined forces to hunt
  down the murderers.

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The Roman Empire Begins

• The senate gave Octavian the title of Augustus,
  or Exalted One, and declared him princeps, or
  first citizen.
• Augustus exercised absolute power and named his
  successor just as a king would do.

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Augustus Builds a Stable Government

• The senate had little power compared to the
  emperor.
• High level jobs were open to men of talent.
• Made the tax system fair by ordering a census of
  the empire so their would be records of all who
  should be taxed.
• Set up a postal service
• Issued new coins to make trade easier.
• Put the jobless to work.

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Emperors Vary

• Not all Augustuss successors were great rulers.
• Hadrian codified Roman law, making it the same
  for all provinces.

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Pax Romana Brings Prosperity

• Roman Peace200 year span.
• Roman rule brought peace, order, unity, and
  stability.
• Roman legions maintained and protected the roads
• Trade flowed freely

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The Distraction of Entertainment

• Circus Maximus, Romes largest racecourse.
• Gladiator contests
• Battled one another

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The Roman Achievement

• Section 3

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Romans Write Literature, History, and Philosophy

• Borrowed many ideas from the Greeks
• Also adopted Hellenistic achievements.
• The blending of Greek, Hellenistic, and roman
  traditions produced what is known as Greco-Roman
  civilization.

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Poets Write with Respect and humor

• Many Romans spoke Greek and imitated Greek styles
  in poetry.
• The poet Virgil tried to show that Romes past
  was as heroic as that of Greece.
• Other poets used verse to satire, or make fun of,
  Roman society.

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Historians Tell the Story of Rome

• Livy and Tacitus were best known as Roman
  historians
• Livy sought to arouse patriotic feeling by
  recalling Romes historic past.
• Tacitus wrote bitterly about Augustus who felt
  had destroyed Roman liberty.

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Creating Expressive Art

• Roman artists depicted scenes from Roman
  literature and daily life in spended mosaics.
• Mosaics a picture made from chips of colored
  stone or glass.

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Advancing Architecture

• Immense palaces, temples, and stadiums stood as
  mighty monuments to Roman power and dignity.
• Improved on existing structural devices such as
  columns and arches.
• Used concrete to create a round dome as a roof
  for large projects.

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Pantheon
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Romans apply Science and Mathematics for
practical use

• Romans excelled in engineering
• Built roads, bridges, and harbors
• Built aqueducts that carried water from the hills
  into roman cities

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Science and math

• Ptolemy proposed his theory that the Earth was
  the center of the universe, a mistaken idea!!!
• Applied geography to make maps and medical
  knowledge to help doctors improve public health
• Collected information into encyclopedias.

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New Law Codes Protect the Empire

• The principles of Roman law would become the
  basis for legal systems throughout the world.
• Developed civil law
• Innocent until proven guilty
• Without a reasonable doubt or clearer than
  daylight
• Judges interpreted the laws and made fair
  judgments

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The Rise of Christianity

• Section 4

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Early Empire includes diverse religions

• Various religious beliefs existed in Rome.
• Jupiter, Mars, Juno, and other traditions
  remained important.
• Rome tolerated diversity as long as Romans
  honored Roman gods and acknowledged the divine
  spirit of the emperor.

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Division Arise in Judea

• By 63 B.C. the Romans had conquered Judea
• The Romans excused Jews from worshiping roman
  gods.
• While most Jews were reluctantly willing to live
  under Roman rule, other called Zealots were not.
• They called on Jews to revolt against Rome and
  establish an independent state.
• Some Jews believed that a messiah, or anointed
  king send by god, would soon appear to lead their
  people to freedom.

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A Jewish Rebellion Defeated

• In A.D. 66, discontent flared into rebellion.
• Roman forces crushed the rebels, captured
  Jerusalem, and destroyed the Jewish temple.
• Because of this destruction, thousands of Jews
  decided to leave Judea.

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Jesus Proclaims His Teachings

• As turmoil engulfed the Jews a new religion,
  Christianity, arose around them.
• We know about the life of Jesus through the
  accounts of four followers
• Matthew
• Mark
• Luke
• John

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Jesus Begins Teaching

• Born in 4B.C. in Bethlehem
• Jesus grew up in Nazareth and worshiped God.
• At the age of 30 he began preaching the gospel to
  villages near the Sea of Galilee.
• He recruited 12 disciples to help him with his
  mission. Became know as apostles.

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Jesus Teaches New Beliefs

• Belief in one God and the 10 commandments.
• Jesus called himself, the son of God
• Emphasized gods love and taught the need for
  justice, morality, and service to others.

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Condemned to Death

• Some people regarded Jesus as a dangerous
  troublemaker.
• Jewish Priests thought he was challenging their
  leadership.
• Was arrested by the Romans, tried, and condemned
  to death by crucifixion.
• Jesus had risen from the dead

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The Message of Christianity Spreads

• Those Jews that believed Jesus was the messiah
  would be called Christians.
• Peter and Paul played a huge role in establishing
  Christianity all across Rome.

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Paul Spread Christianity

• Paul had never met Jesus but joined the
  Christians and decided to spread Jesus
  teachings.
• Paul journeyed around the Mediterranean and set
  up churches.

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Christians Are Oppressed

• Romes tolerant attitude toward religion was not
  extended to Christianity.
• Christians had to meet in secret to avoid
  persecution.
• Martyrs people who suffer or die for their
  beliefs.

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Rome Accepts Christianity

• The Roman Emperor Constantine finally ended the
  persecution of Christians with the Edict of Milan.

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Joining the Church

• Had to be baptized, or blessed with holy water.
• Seen as equals and addressed each other and
  brother and sister.
• Each Sunday Christians gathered for ceremony of
  thanksgiving to God.

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Structuring Clergy

• Only men to become members of the Christian
  clergy.
• Every diocese had its own priest. Over the
  priest presided a bishop.
• The Bishops of the most important cities gained
  greater authority and took on the name patriarch.