The Rise of Totalitarianism

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The Rise of Totalitarianism

• Section 1 Postwar Social Changes

Witness History Audio The Jazz Age
Changes in Society After World War I
In the twenties, many Americans were ready for a
more carefree existence. Others rallied against
the trend and pushed Prohibition through
Congress. Jazz became the soundtrack in the
underground world of speakeasies and flappers.
History Interactive Pop Culture in the Jazz Age
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The Rise of Totalitarianism

• Section 1 Postwar Social Changes

The New Literature
The postwar years ushered in many original works
of literature. It was a time of experimentation
with language and structure. Some writerssuch
as Virginia Woolf and James Joyceemployed stream
of consciousness. Langston Hughes, Zora Neale
Hurston, and other African American writers in
Harlem told about the experiences of a people who
had not been heard from.
New Scientific Theories
In the early 20th century, scientists made many
breakthroughs that would greatly advance their
fields. Marie Curie and others worked with
radioactivity Albert Einstein developed his
theory of relativity Alexander Fleming
discovered penicillin and Sigmund Freud
pioneered psychoanalysis.
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The Rise of Totalitarianism

• Section 1 Postwar Social Changes

Modern Art and Architecture
Art moved away from the traditional in the early
1900s. Some of the new styles were called
fauvism, cubism, abstract, dadaism, and
surrealism. Architects also rejected the work of
the past and began to work with glass, steel, and
concrete structures (in the Bauhaus school) and
with materials and designs that blended with the
environment (Frank Lloyd Wright).
Color Transparency 168 The Persistence of
Memory, by Salvador Dali
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• Section 1 Postwar Social Changes

Looking Ahead
The growing sense of hope and relief that came
after World War I would soon be devastated by an
economic crisis.
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The Rise of Totalitarianism

• Section 2 The Western Democracies Stumble

Witness History Audio Brother Can You Spare a
Dime?
Politics in the Postwar World
After the war, Europe faced economic instability
as jobs were scarce and cities were ravaged.
These factors led to political unrest. The U.S.
was not affected so much economically, but was
uneasy about the radical ideas immigrants might
bring in, so it limited immigration from Europe.
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Postwar Foreign Policy
Peace seemed fragile after the war. France wanted
to weaken Germany by enforcing the Treaty of
Versailles, while Britain wanted to lesson the
treatys effect on Germany. Many countries
agreed to reduce their navies, and the League of
Nations worked toward stopping aggression. Yet
when Japan was allowed to invade Manchuria, other
dictators took note.
Postwar Economics
While Europe struggled to return to a steady
peacetime economy, the U.S. emerged as the
economic leader. Affluent America bolstered
Europes recovery.
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The Rise of Totalitarianism

• Section 2 The Western Democracies Stumble

The Great Depression
The U.S. stock market crashed in 1929, ushering
in the Great Depression. This was a global
economic crisis that closed businesses and left
behind many jobless, homeless, starving people.
Witness History Video The Great Depression and
American Farmers
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The Rise of Totalitarianism

• Section 2 The Western Democracies Stumble

The Democracies React to the Depression
The governments of Britain, France, and the
United States struggled to help their people.
President Roosevelts New Deal programs went a
long way toward helping suffering Americans.
Political radicals gained ground during this
difficult time.
Color Transparency 169 WPA Mural
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The Rise of Totalitarianism

• Section 3 Fascism in Italy

Witness History Audio A New Leader Mussolini
Mussolinis Rise to Power
Italian nationalists, led by Benito Mussolini,
felt betrayed by the government and the Allies
from World War I. They revolted and became
powerful through terror. These Fascists, as they
were known, were finally handed the reins of
government by the king in order to avoid a civil
war.
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The Rise of Totalitarianism

• Section 3 Fascism in Italy

Mussolinis Rule
Although Italy was officially a parliamentary
monarchy, under Mussolini, it became a
dictatorship. He used propaganda and terror to
control the people. The Fascists wanted everyone
to live and work only for the state.
Color Transparency 170 The Triumph of Mussolini
The Nature of Fascism
Fascism glorified action, violence, discipline,
and blind loyalty to the state. They pursued
foreign expansion through warfare. They
distrusted reason and used emotion to their
advantage. The state was all.
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The Rise of Totalitarianism

• Section 3 Fascism in Italy

Looking Ahead
Democracy, Communism, and Fascism competed for
influence in postwar Europe. Fascism was on the
fast track during the Great Depression.
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The Rise of Totalitarianism

• Section 4 The Soviet Union Under Stalin

Witness History Audio The Heart of the Party
A Totalitarian State
In the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin set up a
totalitarian state. He took away all free market
rights and made every enterprise and farm state
owned. This gave workers little incentive to
produce quality products or extra food and the
country struggled to feed its people.
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The Rise of Totalitarianism

• Section 4 The Soviet Union Under Stalin

Stalins Terror Tactics
Stalin was ruthless against anyone perceived as
being disloyal. He set up Gulags where people
would be sent to work and he even took food away
from farm families in what was called the Terror
Famine. The country lost many of its best and
brightest.
Color Transparency 170 Gulag Prisoners, by
Nikolai German
Geography Interactive The Soviet Union, 1928-1941
Communist Attempts to Control Thought
Stalin used propaganda to boost his popularity.
Posters, loudspeaker announcements, and newspaper
articles extolled Communism. Books, music, and
other art forms that were critical of Stalin were
censored. He also tried to replace religion with
communist ideology.
Witness History Audio Anna Akhmatova
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• Section 4 The Soviet Union Under Stalin

Soviet Society Under Stalin
There was still a class order under Communism,
but this one put party members at the top. All
others endured shortages of food and consumer
goods, although they did get free education and
health care, and women were treated as equals to
men in the workplace.
Soviet Foreign Policy
The Soviets encouraged communist revolutions in
other countries through an organization called
Comintern. This organization supported
revolutionary groups around the world and created
a Red Scare in the United States.
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The Rise of Totalitarianism

• Section 4 The Soviet Union Under Stalin

Looking Ahead
Stalin succeeded in making his country a military
superpower, but it was also home to people with a
much lower standard of living than the rest of
the developed world.
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• Color Transparency 170 Gulag Prisoners, by
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The Rise of Totalitarianism

• Section 5 Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany

Witness History Audio The Nazis in Control of
Germany
The Weimar Republics Rise and Fall
The democratic government known as the Weimar
Republic suffered from the competition of too
many small parties and economic disasters. Still,
it was a prolific time for artists, who
stimulated new movements, such as Dadaism.
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The Rise of Totalitarianism

• Section 5 Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany

The Nazi Partys Rise to Power
The Great Depression and the feeling that the
Weimar government was weak, led to the rise of
Adolf Hitler. He appealed to veterans, workers,
the lower middle classes, and business people
with his promises to rearm Germany, create jobs,
and end reparations.
Color Transparency 172 Hitler at Nuremburg
Stadium
The Third Reich Controls Germany
Hitler and the Nazis moved quickly to change
Germanys course. They put people to work
through public works programs they terrorized
dissenters they placed restrictions on Jews, who
were blamed for Germanys loss in World War I
and they denounced modern art and Christianity.
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The Rise of Totalitarianism

• Section 5 Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany

Authoritarian Rule in Eastern Europe
Just as in Germany, many nations in Eastern
Europe came under dictatorships. Ethnic and
religious conflicts rose in the new states of
Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia and elsewhere.
Color Transparency 173 Ethnic Groups of Eastern
Europe, 1936
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• Color Transparency 172 Hitler at Nuremburg
  Stadium

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The Rise of Totalitarianism Section 5

• Color Transparency 173 Ethnic Groups of Eastern
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