Name the Seven Dwarves

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Name the Seven Dwarves
Take out a piece of paper
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Difficulty of Task

• Was the exercise easy or difficult.

It depends on what factors?

• Whether you like Disney movies
• how long ago you watched the movie
• how loud the people are around you when you are
  trying to remember

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As you might have guessed, the next topic we are
going to examine is.
Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the
storage and retrieval of information.
So what was the point of the seven dwarves
exercise?
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The Memory process

• Encoding
• Storage
• Retrieval

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Encoding

• The processing of information into the memory
  system.

Typing info into a computer
Getting a girls name at a party
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Storage

• The retention of encoded material over time.

Trying to remember her name when you leave the
party.
Pressing Ctrl S and saving the info.
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Retrieval

• The process of getting the information out of
  memory storage.

Seeing her the next day and calling her the wrong
name (retrieval failure).
Finding your document and opening it up.
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Now pick out the seven dwarves.
Turn your paper over.
Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy
Smiley Jumpy Hopeful Shy Droopy
Dopey Sniffy Wishful Puffy Dumpy
Sneezy Pop Grumpy Bashful
Cheerful Teach Snorty Nifty Happy
Doc Wheezy Stubby Poopy
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Seven Dwarves
Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and
Bashful
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Recall v. Recognition
Did you do better on the first or second dwarf
memory exercise?

• With recall- you must retrieve the information
  from your memory (fill-in-the blank tests).
• With recognition- you must identify the target
  from possible targets (multiple-choice tests).
• Which is easier?

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Flashbulb Memory

• A clear moment of an emotionally significant
  moment or event.

Where were you when? 1. You heard about 9/11 2.
You heard about the death of a family member 3.
During the OJ chase
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Types of Memory

• Sensory Memory
• Short-Term Memory
• Long-Term Memory

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Sensory Memory

• The immediate, initial recording of sensory
  information in the memory system.
• Stored just for an instant, and most gets
  unprocessed.

• Examples
• You lose concentration in class during a lecture.
  Suddenly you hear a significant word and return
  your focus to the lecture. You should be able to
  remember what was said just before the key word
  since it is in your sensory register.
• Your ability to see motion can be attributed to
  sensory memory. An image previously seen must be
  stored long enough to compare to the new image.
  Visual processing in the brain works like
  watching a cartoon -- you see one frame at a
  time.
• If someone is reading to you, you must be able to
  remember the words at the beginning of a sentence
  in order to understand the sentence as a whole.
  These words are held in a relatively unprocessed
  sensory memory.

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Short-Term Memory

• Memory that holds a few items briefly.
• Seven digits (plus of minus two).
• The info will be stored into long-term or
  forgotten.

How do you store things from short-term to
long-term?
You must repeat things over and over to put them
into your long-term memory.
Rehearsal
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Working Memory(Modern day STM)

• Another way of describing the use of short-term
  memory is called working memory.
• Working-Memory has three parts
• Audio
• Visual
• Integration of audio and visual (controls where
  your attention lies)

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Long-Term Memory

• The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse
  of the memory system.

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Three Stages of Memory
Linda? Janet? Tina? Lane?
File Cabinet People met at party
This is Linda

• Sensory ?Short-term? Long-term
• Memory Memory Memory
• ?
• ? ?
• ?

Storage Retrieval
Sensory Input
Attention
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Encoding
How do you encode the info you read in our text?

• Getting the information in our heads!!!!

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Two ways to encode information

• Automatic Processing
• Effortful Processing

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Automatic Processing

• Unconscious encoding of incidental information.
• You encode space, time and word meaning without
  effort.
• Things can become automatic with practice.

For example, if I tell you that you are a jerk,
you will encode the meaning of what I am saying
to you without any effort.
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Effortful Processing

• Encoding that requires attention and conscious
  effort.
• Rehearsal is the most common effortful processing
  technique.
• Through enough rehearsal, what was effortful
  becomes automatic.

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Things to remember about Encoding

1. The next-In-Line effect we seldom remember what
   the person has just said or done if we are next.
2. Information minutes before sleep is seldom
   remembered in the hour before sleep, well
   remembered.
3. Taped info played while asleep is registered by
   ears, but we do not remember it.

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Spacing Effect

• We encode better when we study or practice over
  time.
• DO NOT CRAM!!!!!

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List the U.S. Presidents
Exercise 1-Take out a piece of paper and.
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The Presidents
Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower
J.Adams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy
Jefferson Pierce McKinley L.Johnson
Madison Buchanan T.Roosevelt Nixon
Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford
JQ Adams A.Johnson Wilson Carter
Jackson Grant Harding Reagan
Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush
Harrison Garfield Hoover Clinton
Tyler Arthur FD.Roosevelt Bush Jr.
Polk Cleveland Truman Dean
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Short Term Memory
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Serial Positioning Effect

• Our tendency to recall best the last and first
  items in a list.

Presidents Recalled
If we graph an average person remembers
presidential list- it would probably look
something like this.
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Short-term Memory

• Exercise 2 Quarter Lists
• Serial-Position Effect
• The tendency to recall more accurately the first
  and last items in a series
• Primacy effect
• Tendency to recall the initial items in a series
  of items
• Recency effect
• Tendency to recall the last items in a series of
  items

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Types of Encoding
Encoding exercise

• Semantic Encoding the encoding of meaning, like
  the meaning of words

• Acoustic Encoding the encoding of sound,
  especially the sounds of words.

• Visual Encoding the encoding of picture images.

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Which type works best?
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Self-Reference Effect

• An example of how we encode meaning very well.
• The idea that we remember things (like
  adjectives) when they are used to describe
  ourselves.

Peg-word system
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Tricks to Encode

• Use imagery mental pictures

Mnemonic Devices use imagery. Systems for
remembering in which items are related to easily
recalled sets of symbols such as acronyms,
phrases, or jingles
"Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No
Plums."
Mars, Venus, Earth, Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus, Neptune, Pluto.
Give me some more examples.
Links to examples of mnemonic devices.
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Chunking

• Organizing items into familiar, manageable units.
• Often it will occur automatically.
• Exercise 3

Chunk- from Goonies
GM-CBS-IBM-ATT-CIA-FBI
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Storage

• How we retain the information we encode

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Review the three stage process of Memory
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Storage and Sensory Memory
George Sperling played one of three tones (each
tone corresponding with a row of letters). Then
he flashed the letters for less than a second and
the subjects were able to identify the letters
for the corresponding row,
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Iconic Memory

• a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, a
  photograph like quality lasting only about a
  second.
• We also have an echoic memory for auditory
  stimuli. If you are not paying attention to
  someone, you can still recall the last few words
  said in the past three or four seconds.

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Storage and Short-Term Memory

• Lasts usually between 3 to 12 seconds.
• Can store 7 (plus or minus two) chunks of
  information.
• We recall digits better than letters.

Short-term memory exercise.
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Storage and Long-Term Memory

• We have yet to find the limit of our long-term
  memory.
• For example, Rajan was able to recite 31,811
  digits of pi.
• At 5 years old, Rajan would memorize the license
  plates of all of his parents guests (about 75
  cars in ten minutes). He still remembers the
  plate numbers to this day.

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How does our brain store long-term memories?

• Memories do NOT reside in single specific spots
  of our brain.

• They are not electrical (if the electrical
  activity were to shut down in your brain, then
  restart- you would NOT start with a blank slate).

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Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

• The current theory of how our long-term memory
  works.

• Memory has a neural basis.

• LTP is an increase in a synapses firing
  potential after brief, rapid stimulation.

In other words, if you are trying to remember a
phone number, the neurons are firing
neurotransmitter through the synapse. The neuron
gets used to firing in that pattern and
essentially learns to fire in that distinct way.
It is a form of rehearsal (but for our neurons).
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Stress and Memory

• Stress can lead to the release of hormones that
  have been shown to assist in LTM.
• Similar to the idea of Flashbulb Memory.

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Types of LTM
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The Hippocampus

• Damage to the hippocampus disrupts our memory.
• Left Verbal
• Right Visual and Locations
• The hippocampus is the like the librarian for the
  library which is our brain.

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Retrieval

• How do we recall the information we thought we
  remembered?

Lets Jog Our Memory!!!!!!!
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Short-term to Long-term

• Maintenance rehearsal-repetition but not
  effective way to place info in permanent storage
• vs.
• Elaborative rehearsal relating new material to
  well-known material (meaningful)
• Vocabulary

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• Activity-Random Items in a Box

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Recall versus Recognition

• I probably cannot recall the Smurfs, but can I
  recognize them?

Lazy Smurf or Lethargic Smurf
Papa Smurf or Daddy Smurf
Handy Smurf or Practical Smurf
Brainy Smurf or Intellectual Smurf
Clumsy Smurf or Inept Smurf
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Recognition

• Easiest type of memory task, involving
  identification of objects or events encountered
  before
• Ex multiple choice questions
• Recognize photos of old classmates easier than
  recalling their names

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Recall

• Retrieval or reconstruction of learned material
• More difficult than recognition (Ex.8-Draw both
  sides of a penny)
• Recall task-person must retrieve a syllable with
  another syllable serving as a cue (fill in the
  blank)
• Meaningful links help

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Relearning

• A measure of retention. Material is usually
  relearned more quickly than it is learned
  initially
• Ex Future Psych classes

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Retrieval Cues

• Things that help us remember.

Give out priming worksheet

• We often use a process called priming (the
  activation of associations in our memory) to help
  us retrieve information.

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PRIMING EFFECT

• Priming effect occurs when people respond faster
  or better to an item if a similar item preceded
  it.

• For the most part, the priming effect is
  considered involuntary and is most likely an
  unconscious phenomenon. The priming effect
  basically consists of repetition priming and
  semantic priming.

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Repetition Priming

• 1. Repetition priming refers to the fact that it
  is easier (quicker) to recognize a face or word
  if you have recently seen that same face or word.

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Semantic Priming

• 2. Semantic priming refers to the fact that it is
  easier (quicker) to recognize someone or word if
  you have just seen someone or a word closely
  associated.

Ms.Yen
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Priming
Exercise 2
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Context Effects

• It helps to put yourself back in the same context
  you experienced (encoded) something.
• If you study on your favorite chair at home, you
  will probably score higher if you also took the
  test on the chair.

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Déjà Vu

• That eerie sense that you have experienced
  something before.
• What is occurring is that the current situation
  cues past experiences that are very similar to
  the present one- your mind gets confused.

Is déjà vu really a glitch in the Matrix?
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Mood-Congruent Memory

• The tendency to recall experiences that are
  consistent with one's current good or bad mood.
• If you are depressed, you will more likely recall
  sad memories from you past.
• Moods also effect that way you interpret other
  peoples behavior

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State-Dependent Memory

• Information that is better retrieved in the
  physiological or emotional state in which it was
  encoded and stored, or learned
• Ex under the influence, mood-happy, angry, sad

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Forgetting
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Encoding Failure
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Encoding Failure

• We fail to encode the information.
• It never has a chance to enter our LTM.

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Test Your Memory
Which is the real penny?
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Tip-of-the-tongue Phenomenon

• The feeling that information is stored in memory
  although it cannot be readily retrieved
• Incomplete or imperfect learning
• May not know exact answer but we know something

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Storage Decay

• Even if we encode something well, we can forget
  it.
• Without rehearsal, we forget thing over time.
• Ebbinghauss forgetting curve.

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Ebbinghauss Forgetting Curve
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Retrieval Failure

• The memory was encoded and stored, but sometimes
  you just cannot access the memory.

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Short-term Memory

• Rote learning mechanical associative learning
  that is based on repetition
• Interference/Displace to cause chunks of
  information to be lost from short-term memory by
  adding new items

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Interference Theory

• We forget material in short-term and long-term
  memory because newly learned material interferes
  with it
• Retroactive vs. Proactive

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Types of Retrieval Failure

• Proactive Interference
• The disruptive effect of prior learning on the
  recall of new information.

If you call your new girlfriend your old
girlfriends name.
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Types of Retrieval Failure

• Retroactive Interference
• The disruptive effect of new learning on the
  recall of old information.

When you finally remember this years locker
combination, you forget last years.
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Motivated Forgetting

• We sometimes revise our own histories.

Honey, I did stick to my diet today!!!!!!
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Motivated Forgetting
Why does is exist?

• One explanation is REPRESSION
• in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense
  mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing
  thoughts, feelings and memories from
  consciousness.

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Forgetting
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My Trip To Cheesecake Factory

• You go to the Cheesecake Factory for dinner. You
  are seated at a table with a white tablecloth.
  You study the menu. You tell the female server
  you want Avocado Egg Rolls, extra sauce,
  Roadslide Sliders, Thai Lettuce Wraps, and
  Chino-Latino Steak (medium). You also order a
  Cherry Coke from the beverage list. A few
  minutes later the server returns with your
  Avocado Egg Rolls. Later the rest of the meal
  arrives. You enjoy it all, except the
  Chino-Latino Steak is a bit overdone.

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Cheesecake factory
How did you order the steak?
Was the red tablecloth checkered?
What did you order to drink?
Did a male server give you a menu?
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Memory Construction

• We sometimes alter our memories as we encode or
  retrieve them.
• Your expectations, schemas, environment may alter
  your memories.

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Misinformation Effect

• Incorporating misleading information into ones
  memory of an event.

My parents told me for years I met Guidry. I have
the memory- but it never happened!!!
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Misinformation Effect
Depiction of Accident
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Misinformation Effect
Leading Question About how fats were the cars
going when they smashed into each other?
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Long-term Memories

• How accurate?
• Elizabeth Loftus
• -memories are distorted by our biases and needs
  and by the ways in we conceptualize our worlds
• -schemas

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Schemas

• A way of mentally representing the world, such as
  a belief or expectation, that can influence
  perception of persons, objects, and situations

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Example

• Loftus
• Showed video on car crash
• Questionnaire asked how fast the cars were going
  at the time of the crash
• Smashed ?41 mph
• Hit?34 mph
• Words hit and smashed caused people to
  organize their knowledge about the crash in
  different ways

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Eye-Witness Testimony

• Words chosen by an experimenter and those chosen
  by a lawyer interrogating a witness can influence
  the reconstruction of memories

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Eye-Witness Testimony

• Hypnosis-can amplify and distort memories
• Identification of criminals-people pay more
  attention to clothing rather than height, weight,
  facial features
• Improvement-describe what happened rather than
  pump witness with suggestions

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Source Amnesia(Source Attribution)

• Attributing to the wrong source an event we have
  experienced, heard about, read about or imagined.

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Infantile Amnesia

• Exercise Write down your earliest memory
• Inability to recall events that occur prior to
  the age or 2 or 3
• No meaningful stories or connections
• No reliable use of language to symbolize or
  classify events

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Anterograde Amnesia

• Failure to remember events that occur after
  physical trauma because of the effects of the
  trauma
• H.M.-couldnt transfer info from short-term to
  long-term

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Retrograde Amnesia

• Failure to remember events that occur prior to
  physical trauma because the effects of the trauma