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Name the Seven Dwarves

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Take out a piece of paper Name the Seven Dwarves The Memory process Encoding Storage Retrieval Encoding The processing of information into the memory system. – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Name the Seven Dwarves


1
Name the Seven Dwarves
Take out a piece of paper
2
Difficulty of Task
  • Was the exercise easy or difficult.

It depends on what factors?
  • Whether you like Disney movies
  • how long ago you watched the movie
  • how loud the people are around you when you are
    trying to remember

3
As you might have guessed, the next topic we are
going to examine is.
Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the
storage and retrieval of information.
So what was the point of the seven dwarves
exercise?
4
The Memory process
  • Encoding
  • Storage
  • Retrieval

5
Encoding
  • The processing of information into the memory
    system.

Typing info into a computer
Getting a girls name at a party
6
Encoding
How do you encode the info you read in our text?
  • Getting the information in our heads!!!!

7
Two ways to encode information
  • Automatic Processing
  • Effortful Processing

8
Automatic Processing
  • Unconscious encoding of incidental information.
  • You encode space, time and word meaning without
    effort.
  • Things can become automatic with practice.

For example, if I tell you that you are a jerk,
you will encode the meaning of what I am saying
to you without any effort.
9
Effortful Processing
  • Encoding that requires attention and conscious
    effort.
  • Rehearsal is the most common effortful processing
    technique.
  • Through enough rehearsal, what was effortful
    becomes automatic.

10
Things to remember about Encoding
  • The next-In-Line effect we seldom remember what
    the person has just said or done if we are next.
  • Information minutes before sleep is seldom
    remembered in the hour before sleep, well
    remembered.
  • Taped info played while asleep is registered by
    ears, but we do not remember it.

11
Spacing Effect
  • We encode better when we study or practice over
    time.
  • DO NOT CRAM!!!!!

12
List the U.S. Presidents
Take out a piece of paper and.
13
The Presidents
14
Serial Positioning Effect
  • Our tendency to recall best the last and first
    items in a list.

Presidents Recalled
If we graph an average person remembers
presidential list- it would probably look
something like this.
15
Types of Encoding
Encoding exercise
  • Semantic Encoding the encoding of meaning, like
    the meaning of words
  • Acoustic Encoding the encoding of sound,
    especially the sounds of words.
  • Visual Encoding the encoding of picture images.

16
Which type works best?
17
Self-Reference Effect
  • An example of how we encode meaning very well.
  • The idea that we remember things (like
    adjectives) when they are used to describe
    ourselves.

Peg-word system
18
Tricks to Encode
  • Use imagery mental pictures

Mnemonic Devices use imagery. Like my peg word
system or.
"Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No
Plums."
Mars, Venus, Earth, Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus, Neptune, Pluto.
Give me some more examples.
Links to examples of mnemonic devices.
19
Chunking
  • Organizing items into familiar, manageable units.
  • Often it will occur automatically.

1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Chunk- from Goonies
Do these numbers mean anything to you?
1492, 1776, 1812, 1941 how about now?
20
Chunking
1,3 and 5 make little sense to us. But when we
chunk the characters differently (2,4,6) they
become easy to remember.
21
Storage
  • The retention of encoded material over time.

Trying to remember her name when you leave the
party.
Pressing Ctrl S and saving the info.
22
Storage
  • How we retain the information we encode

23
Review the three stage process of Memory
24
Storage and Sensory Memory
George Sperling played one of three tones (each
tome corresponding with a row of letters). Then
he flashed the letters for less than a second and
the subjects were able to identify the letters
for the corresponding row,
25
Iconic Memory
  • a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, a
    photograph like quality lasting only about a
    second.
  • We also have an echoic memory for auditory
    stimuli. If you are not paying attention to
    someone, you can still recall the last few words
    said in the past three or four seconds.

26
Storage and Short-Term Memory
  • Lasts usually between 3 to 12 seconds.
  • Can store 7 (plus or minus two) chunks of
    information.
  • We recall digits better than letters.

27
Storage and Long-Term Memory
  • We have yet to find the limit of our long-term
    memory.
  • For example, Rajan was able to recite 31,811
    digits of pi.
  • At 5 years old, Rajan would memorize the license
    plates of all of his parents guests (about 75
    cars in ten minutes). He still remembers the
    plate numbers to this day.

28
How does our brain store long-term memories?
  • Memories do NOT reside in single specific spots
    of our brain.
  • They are not electrical (if the electrical
    activity were to shut down in your brain, then
    restart- you would NOT start with a blank slate).

29
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
  • The current theory of how our long-term memory
    works.
  • Memory has a neural basis.
  • LTP is an increase in a synapses firing
    potential after brief, rapid stimulation.

In other words, if you are trying to remember a
phone number, the neurons are firing
neurotransmitter through the synapse. The neuron
gets used to firing in that pattern and
essentially learns to fire in that distinct way.
It is a form of rehearsal (but for our neurons).
30
Stress and Memory
  • Stress can lead to the release of hormones that
    have been shown to assist in LTM.
  • Similar to the idea of Flashbulb Memory.

31
Types of LTM
32
The Hippocampus
  • Damage to the hippocampus disrupts our memory.
  • Left Verbal
  • Right Visual and Locations
  • The hippocampus is the like the librarian for the
    library which is our brain.

33
Retrieval
  • The process of getting the information out of
    memory storage.

Seeing her the next day and calling her the wrong
name (retrieval failure).
Finding your document and opening it up.
34
Retrieval
  • How do we recall the information we thought we
    remembered?

Lets Jog Our Memory!!!!!!!
35
Recall versus Recognition
  • I probably cannot recall the Smurfs, but can I
    recognize them?

Lazy Smurf or Lethargic Smurf
Papa Smurf or Daddy Smurf
Handy Smurf or Practical Smurf
Brainy Smurf or Intellectual Smurf
Clumsy Smurf or Inept Smurf
36
Retrieval Cues
  • Things that help us remember.
  • We often use a process called priming (the
    activation of associations in our memory) to help
    us retrieve information.

37
PRIMING EFFECT
  • Priming effect occurs when people respond faster
    or better to an item if a similar item preceded
    it.
  • For the most part, the priming effect is
    considered involuntary and is most likely an
    unconscious phenomenon. The priming effect
    basically consists of repetition priming and
    semantic priming.

38
Repetition Priming
  • 1. Repetition priming refers to the fact that it
    is easier (quicker) to recognize a face or word
    if you have recently seen that same face or word.

39
Semantic Priming
  • 2. Semantic priming refers to the fact that it is
    easier (quicker) to recognize someone or word if
    you have just seen someone or a word closely
    associated.

40
Priming
41
Context Effects
  • It helps to put yourself back in the same context
    you experienced (encoded) something.
  • If you study on your favorite chair at home, you
    will probably score higher if you also took the
    test on the chair.

42
Retrieval
  • Recall
  • often guided by partial info
  • Tip-Of-The-Tongue-Phenomenon
  • Reinstating the context of an event can often
    enhance retrieval
  • State Dependent Retrieval
  • Recall may be dependent on certain cues from our
    physical states
  • Memories are sketchy reconstructions of the past
    that may be distorted
  • Source Monitoring Error
  • occurs when a memory derived from one source is
    attributed to another source

43
Rest
44
Snore
45
Sound
46
Tired
47
Bed
48
Comfort
49
Awake
50
Eat
51
Wake
52
Dream
53
Slumber
54
Night
Last
55
DĂ©jĂ  Vu
  • That eerie sense that you have experienced
    something before.
  • What is occurring is that the current situation
    cues past experiences that are very similar to
    the present one- your mind gets confused.

Is déjà vu really a glitch in the Matrix?
56
Mood-Congruent Memory
  • The tendency to recall experiences that are
    consistent with one's current good or bad mood.
  • If you are depressed, you will more likely recall
    sad memories from you past.
  • Moods also effect that way you interpret other
    peoples behavior

57
Now pick pick out the seven dwarves.
Turn your paper over.
Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy
Smiley Jumpy Hopeful Shy Droopy
Dopey Sniffy Wishful Puffy Dumpy
Sneezy Pop Grumpy Bashful
Cheerful Teach Snorty Nifty Happy
Doc Wheezy Stubby Poopy
58
Seven Dwarves
Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and
Bashful
59
Recall v. Recognition
Did you do better on the first or second dwarf
memory exercise?
  • With recall- you must retrieve the information
    from your memory (fill-in-the blank tests).
  • With recognition- you must identify the target
    from possible targets (multiple-choice tests).
  • Which is easier?

60
Flashbulb Memory
  • A clear moment of an emotionally significant
    moment or event.

Where were you when? 1. You heard about 9/11 2.
You heard about the death of a family member 3.
During the OJ chase
61
Types of Memory
  • Sensory Memory
  • Short-Term Memory
  • Long-Term Memory

62
Sensory Memory
  • The immediate, initial recording of sensory
    information in the memory system.
  • Stored just for an instant, and most gets
    unprocessed.
  • Examples
  • You lose concentration in class during a lecture.
    Suddenly you hear a significant word and return
    your focus to the lecture. You should be able to
    remember what was said just before the key word
    since it is in your sensory register.
  • Your ability to see motion can be attributed to
    sensory memory. An image previously seen must be
    stored long enough to compare to the new image.
    Visual processing in the brain works like
    watching a cartoon -- you see one frame at a
    time.
  • If someone is reading to you, you must be able to
    remember the words at the beginning of a sentence
    in order to understand the sentence as a whole.
    These words are held in a relatively unprocessed
    sensory memory.

63
Short-Term Memory
  • Memory that holds a few items briefly.
  • Seven digits (plus of minus two).
  • The info will be stored into long-term or
    forgotten.

How do you store things from short-term to
long-term?
You must repeat things over and over to put them
into your long-term memory.
Rehearsal
64
Working Memory(Modern day STM)
  • Another way of describing the use of short-term
    memory is called working memory.
  • Working-Memory has three parts
  • Audio
  • Visual
  • Integration of audio and visual (controls where
    you attention lies)

65
Long-Term Memory
  • The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse
    of the memory system.

66
Forgetting
67
Encoding Failure
68
Encoding Failure
  • We fail to encode the information.
  • It never has a chance to enter our LTM.

69
Test Your Memory
Which is the real penny?
70
Storage Decay
  • Even if we encode something well, we can forget
    it.
  • Without rehearsal, we forget thing over time.
  • Ebbinghauss forgetting curve.

71
Ebbinghauss Forgetting Curve
72
Retrieval Failure
  • The memory was encoded and stored, but sometimes
    you just cannot access the memory.

73
Types of Retrieval Failure
  • Proactive Interference
  • The disruptive effect of prior learning on the
    recall of new information.

If you call your new girlfriend your old
girlfriends name.
74
Types of Retrieval Failure
  • Retroactive Interference
  • The disruptive effect of new learning on the
    recall of old information.

When you finally remember this years locker
combination, you forget last years.
75
Motivated Forgetting
  • We sometimes revise our own histories.

Honey, I did stick to my diet today!!!!!!
76
Motivated Forgetting
Why does is exist?
  • One explanation is REPRESSION
  • in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense
    mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing
    thoughts, feelings and memories from
    consciousness.

77
Forgetting
78
My Trip To Cheesecake Factory
  • You go to the Cheesecake Factory for dinner. You
    are seated at a table with a white tablecloth.
    You study the menu. You tell the female server
    you want Avocado Egg Rolls, extra sauce,
    Roadslide Sliders, Thai Lettuce Wraps, and
    Chino-Latino Steak (medium). You also order a
    Cherry Coke from the beverage list. A few
    minutes later the server returns with your
    Avocado Egg Rolls. Later the rest of the meal
    arrives. You enjoy it all, except the
    Chino-Latino Steak is a bit overdone.

79
Cheesecake factory
How did you order the steak?
Was the red tablecloth checkered?
What did you order to drink?
Did a male server give you a menu?
80
Memory Construction
  • We sometimes alter our memories as we encode or
    retrieve them.
  • Your expectations, schemas, environment may alter
    your memories.

81
Misinformation Effect
  • Incorporating misleading information into ones
    memory of an event.

My parents told me for years I met Nolan Ryan. I
have the memory- but it never happened!!!
82
Misinformation Effect
Depiction of Accident
83
Misinformation Effect
Leading Question About how fats were the cars
going when they smashed into each other?
84
Source Amnesia(Source Attribution)
  • Attributing to the wrong source an event we have
    experienced, heard about, read about or imagined.

85
Study Strategies
1. Over-learn 2. Use spaced practice 3. Active
Rehearsal 4. Make new material personally
meaningful 5. Mnemonics 6. Mentally recreate
contexts, moods when original learning occurred
to activate retrieval cues 7. Record memories
before misinformation can corrupt 8. Minimize
interference (studying just before sleeping) 9.
Test to rehearse determine what still needs to
be learned
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