Title: Name the Seven Dwarves
1Name the Seven Dwarves
Take out a piece of paper
2Difficulty of Task
- Was the exercise easy or difficult.
It depends on what factors?
- Whether you like Disney movies
- how long ago you watched the movie
- how loud the people are around you when you are
trying to remember
3As you might have guessed, the next topic we are
going to examine is.
Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the
storage and retrieval of information.
So what was the point of the seven dwarves
exercise?
4The Memory process
- Encoding
- Storage
- Retrieval
5Encoding
- The processing of information into the memory
system.
Typing info into a computer
Getting a girls name at a party
6Encoding
How do you encode the info you read in our text?
- Getting the information in our heads!!!!
7Two ways to encode information
- Automatic Processing
- Effortful Processing
8Automatic Processing
- Unconscious encoding of incidental information.
- You encode space, time and word meaning without
effort. - Things can become automatic with practice.
For example, if I tell you that you are a jerk,
you will encode the meaning of what I am saying
to you without any effort.
9Effortful Processing
- Encoding that requires attention and conscious
effort. - Rehearsal is the most common effortful processing
technique. - Through enough rehearsal, what was effortful
becomes automatic.
10Things to remember about Encoding
- The next-In-Line effect we seldom remember what
the person has just said or done if we are next. - Information minutes before sleep is seldom
remembered in the hour before sleep, well
remembered. - Taped info played while asleep is registered by
ears, but we do not remember it.
11Spacing Effect
- We encode better when we study or practice over
time. - DO NOT CRAM!!!!!
12List the U.S. Presidents
Take out a piece of paper and.
13The Presidents
14Serial Positioning Effect
- Our tendency to recall best the last and first
items in a list.
Presidents Recalled
If we graph an average person remembers
presidential list- it would probably look
something like this.
15Types of Encoding
Encoding exercise
- Semantic Encoding the encoding of meaning, like
the meaning of words
- Acoustic Encoding the encoding of sound,
especially the sounds of words.
- Visual Encoding the encoding of picture images.
16Which type works best?
17Self-Reference Effect
- An example of how we encode meaning very well.
- The idea that we remember things (like
adjectives) when they are used to describe
ourselves.
Peg-word system
18Tricks to Encode
- Use imagery mental pictures
Mnemonic Devices use imagery. Like my peg word
system or.
"Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No
Plums."
Mars, Venus, Earth, Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus, Neptune, Pluto.
Give me some more examples.
Links to examples of mnemonic devices.
19Chunking
- Organizing items into familiar, manageable units.
- Often it will occur automatically.
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Chunk- from Goonies
Do these numbers mean anything to you?
1492, 1776, 1812, 1941 how about now?
20Chunking
1,3 and 5 make little sense to us. But when we
chunk the characters differently (2,4,6) they
become easy to remember.
21Storage
- The retention of encoded material over time.
Trying to remember her name when you leave the
party.
Pressing Ctrl S and saving the info.
22Storage
- How we retain the information we encode
23Review the three stage process of Memory
24Storage and Sensory Memory
George Sperling played one of three tones (each
tome corresponding with a row of letters). Then
he flashed the letters for less than a second and
the subjects were able to identify the letters
for the corresponding row,
25Iconic Memory
- a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, a
photograph like quality lasting only about a
second. - We also have an echoic memory for auditory
stimuli. If you are not paying attention to
someone, you can still recall the last few words
said in the past three or four seconds.
26Storage and Short-Term Memory
- Lasts usually between 3 to 12 seconds.
- Can store 7 (plus or minus two) chunks of
information. - We recall digits better than letters.
27Storage and Long-Term Memory
- We have yet to find the limit of our long-term
memory. - For example, Rajan was able to recite 31,811
digits of pi. - At 5 years old, Rajan would memorize the license
plates of all of his parents guests (about 75
cars in ten minutes). He still remembers the
plate numbers to this day.
28How does our brain store long-term memories?
- Memories do NOT reside in single specific spots
of our brain.
- They are not electrical (if the electrical
activity were to shut down in your brain, then
restart- you would NOT start with a blank slate).
29Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
- The current theory of how our long-term memory
works.
- Memory has a neural basis.
- LTP is an increase in a synapses firing
potential after brief, rapid stimulation.
In other words, if you are trying to remember a
phone number, the neurons are firing
neurotransmitter through the synapse. The neuron
gets used to firing in that pattern and
essentially learns to fire in that distinct way.
It is a form of rehearsal (but for our neurons).
30Stress and Memory
- Stress can lead to the release of hormones that
have been shown to assist in LTM. - Similar to the idea of Flashbulb Memory.
31Types of LTM
32The Hippocampus
- Damage to the hippocampus disrupts our memory.
- Left Verbal
- Right Visual and Locations
- The hippocampus is the like the librarian for the
library which is our brain.
33Retrieval
- The process of getting the information out of
memory storage.
Seeing her the next day and calling her the wrong
name (retrieval failure).
Finding your document and opening it up.
34Retrieval
- How do we recall the information we thought we
remembered?
Lets Jog Our Memory!!!!!!!
35Recall versus Recognition
- I probably cannot recall the Smurfs, but can I
recognize them?
Lazy Smurf or Lethargic Smurf
Papa Smurf or Daddy Smurf
Handy Smurf or Practical Smurf
Brainy Smurf or Intellectual Smurf
Clumsy Smurf or Inept Smurf
36Retrieval Cues
- Things that help us remember.
- We often use a process called priming (the
activation of associations in our memory) to help
us retrieve information.
37PRIMING EFFECT
- Priming effect occurs when people respond faster
or better to an item if a similar item preceded
it.
- For the most part, the priming effect is
considered involuntary and is most likely an
unconscious phenomenon. The priming effect
basically consists of repetition priming and
semantic priming.
38Repetition Priming
- 1. Repetition priming refers to the fact that it
is easier (quicker) to recognize a face or word
if you have recently seen that same face or word.
39Semantic Priming
- 2. Semantic priming refers to the fact that it is
easier (quicker) to recognize someone or word if
you have just seen someone or a word closely
associated.
40Priming
41Context Effects
- It helps to put yourself back in the same context
you experienced (encoded) something. - If you study on your favorite chair at home, you
will probably score higher if you also took the
test on the chair.
42Retrieval
- Recall
- often guided by partial info
- Tip-Of-The-Tongue-Phenomenon
- Reinstating the context of an event can often
enhance retrieval - State Dependent Retrieval
- Recall may be dependent on certain cues from our
physical states - Memories are sketchy reconstructions of the past
that may be distorted - Source Monitoring Error
- occurs when a memory derived from one source is
attributed to another source
43Rest
44Snore
45Sound
46Tired
47Bed
48Comfort
49Awake
50Eat
51Wake
52Dream
53Slumber
54Night
Last
55DĂ©jĂ Vu
- That eerie sense that you have experienced
something before. - What is occurring is that the current situation
cues past experiences that are very similar to
the present one- your mind gets confused.
Is déjà vu really a glitch in the Matrix?
56Mood-Congruent Memory
- The tendency to recall experiences that are
consistent with one's current good or bad mood. - If you are depressed, you will more likely recall
sad memories from you past. - Moods also effect that way you interpret other
peoples behavior
57Now pick pick out the seven dwarves.
Turn your paper over.
Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy
Smiley Jumpy Hopeful Shy Droopy
Dopey Sniffy Wishful Puffy Dumpy
Sneezy Pop Grumpy Bashful
Cheerful Teach Snorty Nifty Happy
Doc Wheezy Stubby Poopy
58Seven Dwarves
Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and
Bashful
59Recall v. Recognition
Did you do better on the first or second dwarf
memory exercise?
- With recall- you must retrieve the information
from your memory (fill-in-the blank tests). - With recognition- you must identify the target
from possible targets (multiple-choice tests). - Which is easier?
60Flashbulb Memory
- A clear moment of an emotionally significant
moment or event.
Where were you when? 1. You heard about 9/11 2.
You heard about the death of a family member 3.
During the OJ chase
61Types of Memory
- Sensory Memory
- Short-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
62Sensory Memory
- The immediate, initial recording of sensory
information in the memory system. - Stored just for an instant, and most gets
unprocessed.
- Examples
- You lose concentration in class during a lecture.
Suddenly you hear a significant word and return
your focus to the lecture. You should be able to
remember what was said just before the key word
since it is in your sensory register. - Your ability to see motion can be attributed to
sensory memory. An image previously seen must be
stored long enough to compare to the new image.
Visual processing in the brain works like
watching a cartoon -- you see one frame at a
time. - If someone is reading to you, you must be able to
remember the words at the beginning of a sentence
in order to understand the sentence as a whole.
These words are held in a relatively unprocessed
sensory memory.
63Short-Term Memory
- Memory that holds a few items briefly.
- Seven digits (plus of minus two).
- The info will be stored into long-term or
forgotten.
How do you store things from short-term to
long-term?
You must repeat things over and over to put them
into your long-term memory.
Rehearsal
64Working Memory(Modern day STM)
- Another way of describing the use of short-term
memory is called working memory. - Working-Memory has three parts
- Audio
- Visual
- Integration of audio and visual (controls where
you attention lies)
65Long-Term Memory
- The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse
of the memory system.
66Forgetting
67Encoding Failure
68Encoding Failure
- We fail to encode the information.
- It never has a chance to enter our LTM.
69Test Your Memory
Which is the real penny?
70Storage Decay
- Even if we encode something well, we can forget
it. - Without rehearsal, we forget thing over time.
- Ebbinghauss forgetting curve.
71Ebbinghauss Forgetting Curve
72Retrieval Failure
- The memory was encoded and stored, but sometimes
you just cannot access the memory.
73Types of Retrieval Failure
- Proactive Interference
- The disruptive effect of prior learning on the
recall of new information.
If you call your new girlfriend your old
girlfriends name.
74Types of Retrieval Failure
- Retroactive Interference
- The disruptive effect of new learning on the
recall of old information.
When you finally remember this years locker
combination, you forget last years.
75Motivated Forgetting
- We sometimes revise our own histories.
Honey, I did stick to my diet today!!!!!!
76Motivated Forgetting
Why does is exist?
- One explanation is REPRESSION
- in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense
mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing
thoughts, feelings and memories from
consciousness.
77Forgetting
78My Trip To Cheesecake Factory
- You go to the Cheesecake Factory for dinner. You
are seated at a table with a white tablecloth.
You study the menu. You tell the female server
you want Avocado Egg Rolls, extra sauce,
Roadslide Sliders, Thai Lettuce Wraps, and
Chino-Latino Steak (medium). You also order a
Cherry Coke from the beverage list. A few
minutes later the server returns with your
Avocado Egg Rolls. Later the rest of the meal
arrives. You enjoy it all, except the
Chino-Latino Steak is a bit overdone.
79Cheesecake factory
How did you order the steak?
Was the red tablecloth checkered?
What did you order to drink?
Did a male server give you a menu?
80Memory Construction
- We sometimes alter our memories as we encode or
retrieve them. - Your expectations, schemas, environment may alter
your memories.
81Misinformation Effect
- Incorporating misleading information into ones
memory of an event.
My parents told me for years I met Nolan Ryan. I
have the memory- but it never happened!!!
82Misinformation Effect
Depiction of Accident
83Misinformation Effect
Leading Question About how fats were the cars
going when they smashed into each other?
84Source Amnesia(Source Attribution)
- Attributing to the wrong source an event we have
experienced, heard about, read about or imagined.
85Study Strategies
1. Over-learn 2. Use spaced practice 3. Active
Rehearsal 4. Make new material personally
meaningful 5. Mnemonics 6. Mentally recreate
contexts, moods when original learning occurred
to activate retrieval cues 7. Record memories
before misinformation can corrupt 8. Minimize
interference (studying just before sleeping) 9.
Test to rehearse determine what still needs to
be learned