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INTRODUCTION TO CONTENT

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Title: INTRODUCTION TO CONTENT


1
INTRODUCTION TO CONTENT
2
INTRODUCTION
3
Introduction
  • A silly theory results in such silly graphics as
  • Comparison of solar radiation and stock prices

4
Introduction
  • Comparison of student grades with desk sizes.

5
Introduction
  • These may be correlations, but not cause and
    effect.

6
GRAPHICS
7
Graphics
  • Graphics should
  • Show data

8
Graphics
  • Make the viewer think about the content

9
Graphics
  • Avoid distortion

10
Graphics
  • Present many numbers in a small space.

11
Graphics
  • Make large data sets understandable

12
Graphics
  • Encourage comparisons

13
Graphics
  • Serve a clear purpose, and

14
Graphics
  • Integrate words and statistics.

15
PRINCIPLES OF GRAPHIC EXCELLENCE
16
Principles
  • A well designed presentation of interesting data
    includes
  • Substance

17
Principles
  • Statistics, and

18
Principles
  • Excellent design.

19
Principles
  • Complex ideas are communicated with
  • Clarity

20
Principles
  • Precision, and

21
Principles
  • Efficiency.

22
Principles
  • Present many ideas in the shortest time

23
Principles
  • Let the data tell the truth, and...

24
Principles
  • Show the variation of data, not design.

25
Principles
  • Never quote data out of context.

26
Principles
  • Use labeling that is
  • Clear
  • Detailed.

27
Principles
  • Use standardized measurements, and

28
Principles
  • Present quantities that are proportionally
    correct.

29
ATTRACTIVE GRAPHICS
30
Attractive Graphics
  • Have proper format and design

31
Attractive Graphics
  • Use
  • Words
  • Numbers
  • Drawings.

32
Attractive Graphics
  • Reflect
  • Balance
  • Proportion
  • Relevant scale...

33
Attractive Graphics
  • Display details

34
Attractive Graphics
  • Tell a story, and

35
Attractive Graphics
  • Avoid chartjunk.

36
CORRECT GRAPHICS
37
Correct Graphics
  • Spell out words

38
Correct Graphics
  • Avoid elaborate
  • Coloring
  • Shading
  • Cross-
  • hatching
  • Legends.

39
Correct Graphics
  • Read from left to right

40
Correct Graphics
  • Explain all data

41
Correct Graphics
  • Provoke curiosity, and

42
Correct Graphics
  • Use sans serif type for visuals.

43
EXAMPLES
44
Space Junk
45
Space Junk
  • 7,000 items of space junk orbit our world
  • Dead satellites...
  • Frozen sewage from astronauts...
  • rocket engine explosion fragments.

46
Space Junk
  • 34 nuclear reactor fuel cores
  • Shrapnel from test weapons...
  • Garbage bags.

47
Unknown Objects
48
Unknown Objects
  • What is the size of this painting?

49
Unknown Objects
  • Artist Roy Lichtenstein stands on a ladder.

50
Inaccuracy
51
Inaccuracy
  • Grids were used in Renaissance paintings to
    exaggerate perspective
  • (see next
  • slide).

52
Inaccuracy
53
The Broad Street Pump
54
Broad Street
  • There were 500 fatal attacks of cholera in 10
    days in 1854 in England.

55
Broad Street
  • All were within 250 yards of the Broad Street
    and Cambridge Street intersection.

56
Broad Street
  • John Snow tested the city-provided well water
  • and found
  • no impurities.

57
Broad Street
  • Mr. Snow plotted the deaths on a map
  • This is the
  • first
  • recorded
  • time a
  • scatter plot
  • was used.

58
Broad Street
  • Data showed a link to the free water from the
    Broad Street Pump.

59
Broad Street
  • The handle was removed from the pump
  • The epidemic ended.

60
Labels - NOT Numbers or Letters
61
Labels
  • Codes are meaningless.

62
Labels
  • Labels clarify.

63
Inappropriate Color
64
Color
  • Aggressive color shows the color.

65
Color
  • Light tints show the information, not the
  • color.

66
The Challenger Disaster
67
Challenger
  • The Space Shuttle Challenger
  • exploded on
  • January 28,
  • 1986 and 7
  • astronauts
  • died.

68
Challenger
  • Icicles hung from the Challenger.

69
Challenger
  • Ambient temperatures were in the low 30s

70
Challenger
  • The O-rings were less than 20oF, and

71
Challenger
  • The Predicted temperature at launch was 26 to 29
    degrees.

72
Challenger
  • The engineers opposed the launch.

73
Challenger
  • Engineers prepared charts like the ones you will
    now be presented.

74
Challenger
  • The Thiokol managers said the evidence presented
    by the engineers
  • did not link
  • cold
  • temperature
  • with
  • O-rings.

75
Challenger
  • NASA officials were appalled by the
    recommendation not to launch.

76
Challenger
  • The Challenger blew up 73 seconds after
  • the rockets
  • were ignited.

77
Challenger
  • The 13 charts the engineers prepared were
  • weak

78
Challenger
  • One chart left off temperature totally

79
Challenger
  • One chart had 6 different types of data making
    it
  • meaningless

80
Challenger
  • Items such as nozzle blow-by were included which
  • had nothing to
  • do with cold
  • weather

81
Challenger
  • 22 previous flights with their temperature
  • variations were
  • not presented
  • together...

82
Challenger
  • 92 of the temperature data was left out, and...

83
Challenger
  • Data was selectively chosen.

84
Challenger
  • A simple table would have linked O-rings and
  • cold weather.
  • Distribute
  • table.

85
Challenger
  • Even a rocket chart, next slide, of all 24
    previous flights and the 48 rockets would have
    shown a link between cold temperature and O-ring
    failure.

86
Challenger
87
Challenger
  • A scatterplot even shows the link.

88
Challenger
Predicted Launch Temperature
89
Challenger
  • Remember - there are right ways and wrong ways
    to display data.

90
EXAMPLE APPLICATION TO INDUSTRY
91
Product Instruction Manual
  • The Problem

92
Problem
  • Executive Officers want the existing Product
    Instruction Manual evaluated there have been
    complaints.

93
Problem
  • A committee is formed of mid-management
    executives who determine the criteria to be used.

94
Problem
  • An employee committee is formed to use the
    criteria to evaluate the existing product
    instruction manual and

95
Problem
  • make recommendations to
  • who will report to the

Mid-Management
Executive officers of the company.
96
Information
97
Information
  • Many manuals
  • are written from an engineers point of view.
  • are too complex.

98
Information
  • Many manuals
  • are incomplete from the users point of view.
  • use jargon.

99
Information
  • Many manuals
  • use narrative to explain an illustration.

100
Information
  • Begin with Who should read this document.
  • Describe the product and its purpose.

101
Information
  • Identify each part and its components.
  • Write in small steps.

102
Information
  • Use illustrations to explain the narrative.

103
Information
  • Do not describe what the product can do.
  • Instead explain how to do something with the
    product.

104
Information
  • Include troubleshooting techniques.
  • Instill confidence in whomever reads the manual.

105
Information
  • No ambiguity the person reading the manual
    cannot ask questions.

106
Information
Begin each step with a strong verb
  • Ignite
  • Mount
  • Apply
  • Cut
  • Connect
  • Excavate
  • Measure
  • Insert

107
The End
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