Human Anatomy

1
Human Anatomy

• Chapter 2

2
Table of Contents

• Introduction
• Terms and Concepts Worth Knowing
• Anatomical Position
• Directional Terms
• Planes of the Body
• The Musculoskeletal System
• Bones
• Joints
• Muscles

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Introduction What is the Structure of My Body?

• Human Anatomy The study of the structures that
  make up the human body, and how those structures
  relate to each other.
• Structure determines function The structures of
  the human body are well-designed for efficient
  movement.

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Terms and Concepts Worth Knowing
5
Anatomical Position
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• Legs straight
• Heels, feet and great toes parallel to each other
  
• The starting reference point for describing the
  human body
• It is universally accepted
• It is used in all anatomical descriptions

• Description
• Standing erect
• Facing forward
• Arms hanging at the sides

• Palms facing forward and the thumbs outward

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Directional Terms
8
Reminder

• All directional terms are based on the
  assumption that the body is in the anatomical
  position.

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Midline

• Lateral-Medial
• Lateral Away from the midline of the body

Lateral
Medial
Medial Towards the midline
E.g., Your ears are lateral to your
cheeks and your cheeks are medial to your
ears
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• Distal-Proximal
• Distal Further from some specified region
• Proximal Closer to some specified region
• E.g., With respect to trunk, the hands are distal
  to the arms and the arms are proximal to the
  hands.
• E.g., With respect to nerves and blood vessels,
  proximal also means "toward the origin" and
  distal means "away from the origin".
• E.g., Colon is the distal portion and stomach is
  the proximal portion of the digestive tube

Thigh is proximal to the leg
Leg is distal to the thigh Leg is proximal to the
foot
Foot is distal to the leg
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• Anterior-Posterior
• Anterior In front of or front of your body

Anterior Skeleton
Posterior Skeleton
Posterior Behind or back of your body
E.g., Your lips are anterior to your
teeth and your teeth are posterior to your
lips
E.g., In the anatomical position, your
palms are facing the anterior of your body
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• Superior-Inferior
• Superior Above

The collar bone is superior to the rib cage

• Inferior Below

The hip bone is inferior to the rib cage
E.g., Your lips are superior to your chin and
your chin is inferior to your lips
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• Supine
• Lying on the back
• E.g., when performing a bench press

• Prone
• Lying face down

• E.g., when
• preparing to
• perform a push-up