Chapter 1 Review

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Chapter 1 Review
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• EQ 1 (Chapter 1 Section 1) What is psychology
  and what are the goals of this social science?
• Psychology is the study of the mind, behavior,
  and cognitive activities.
• The Goals are to
• Describe
• Explain
• Predict
• Control
• Observe

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• EQ2 Chapter 1 Section 2 What are the types
  of jobs in Psychology?
• Clinical
• Counseling
• School
• Educational
• Experimental
• Developmental
• Social
• Personality

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• EQ3 What are the perspectives psychologists
  use to explain behavior?
• Biological (Brain, nervous system heredity,
  hormones)
• Cognitive (thinking, decision making, problem
  solving)
• Humanistic (Motivation)
• Psychoanalytic (The unconscious mind)
• Learning (The environment)
• Sociocultural (Culture)

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A Brief History of Psychology

• OrName that Psychologist

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Socrates (469-399 B.C)

• Emphasized the importance of Introspection (Know
  Thyself)
• Dont rely on your senses. Rely on rational
  thought and self-knowledge.

Athenian jury found other chargescorrupting the
youth and interfering with the religion of the
cityupon which to convict Socrates, and they
sentenced him to death in 399 B.C.E. Accepting
this outcome with remarkable grace, Socrates
drank hemlock and died in the company of his
friends and disciples.
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Aristotle (384-322 BCE.)

• The basic ideas of psychology were outlined by
  Aristotle his work Peri Psyches (About the
  Psyche)
• Human behavior can be explained by laws, just as
  in science.
• Example Seek pleasure and avoid pain.

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Wilhelm Wundt(1832-1920)German Philosopher
Psychologist

• He taught at Leipzig, where he founded the first
  laboratory for experimental psychology.
• Wundt stressed the use of scientific methods in
  psychology, particularly through the use of
  introspection. After experiencing a sensation
  subjects were asked to analyze their experience
  and their feelings. (Experience feelings the
  MIND.
• Structuralism
• Wilhelm Wundt is credited to be the Father of
  Psychology.

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G. Stanley Hall (1844 - 1924)

• American student of Wundt.
• Created the field of Child Psychology
• Founded the American Psychological Association
• While at Clark University, Hall organized a
  conference in 1909 for 175 people, 40 of which
  were American Psychologists. Among the attending
  psychologists were Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung,

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William James (1842-1910)

• Wrote the first psychology textbook, The
  Principles of Psychology in 1890.
• Created the school of Functionalism- How does
  experience allow us to adapt to our environment?
  What is the purpose of behavior?
• Influenced by Darwin.
• Adaptive behaviors are learned and continue.
  (studying for tests, baby playing with toys)

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DR. IVAN PAVLOV (1849-1936)

• Begins the school of Behaviorism through his work
  with dogs and digestion.
• All behavior is the result of external stimuli.
  Free will and decision making is ignored.

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John B. Watson(1878 - 1958)

• The Father of Behaviorism
• To be a true science, psychology must study only
  observable behaviors.
• Human emotions are learned through conditioning.
• Little Albert Demonstration

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B. F. SKINNER 1904 1990

• Operant Conditioning- Organisms learn behavior
  through the consequences of that behavior.
• Reinforcement vs. Punishment
• Shaping-learning complex behaviors through
  learning small steps of that behavior.

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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

• Founder of Psychoanalysis
• Emphasized the importance of unconscious motives
  on human behavior.
• The expression of our sexual instinct influences
  much of our behavior.
• Dream Analsysis

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CARL JUNG   1875 1961

• Student of Freud
• Complexes
• The importance of religion
• Personality Types
• Thinker
• Feeler
• Sensor
• Intuitor

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ALFRED ADLER 1870 1937

• Student of Freud
• Emphasized the inferiority complex.
• 4 Major Causes
• Our personality and behavior is formed by our
  attempts to overcome our inferiority.

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ERIK ERIKSON 1902 1994

• Our personality is formed as we resolve 8 social
  crises in our lives.
• Examples learning trust, intimacy, and industry
• Created the idea of an identity crisis
• First psychologist to take a life-span approach
  to psychology.

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KAREN HORNEY 1885 - 1952

• Horney's theory is perhaps the best theory of
  neurosis we have.
• Specifically, she saw neurosis as an attempt to
  make life bearable.
• The neurotic need for affection and approval, the
  indiscriminate need to please others and be liked
  by them.
• The neurotic need to exploit others and get the
  better of them.

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Alfred Binet(July 8, 1857- October 18,
1911)French Psychologist

• He was employed by French school system to create
  a way of determining which students needed more
  help academically.
• Developed the first IQ test.
• Cognitive Psychology- How humans think and solve
  problems.

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JEAN PIAGET 1896 1980

• Worked in France administering Binets IQ test.
• Children do not think like adults. Why?
• Created 4 stages of cognitive ability that
  accurately explain the behavior of children.
• Influenced teachers and school system.

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LAWRENCE KOHLBERG1927-1987

• Built on the work of Piaget to create a theory of
  moral development.
• Used moral dilemmas to analyze the moral level of
  children and adults.

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Howard Gardner (July 11, 1943 - )American
Psychologist and Educator

• There are 8 different types of intelligence, each
  as important as the other.
• Michael Jordan
• Einstein
• Mozart
• Ronald Reagan?

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Albert Ellis 1913 -

• Created Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
• Humans create their own depression by how they
  cognitively deal with situations.
• Is it OK to fail?
• Treatment involves challenging the irrational
  thoughts the patient has.
• INTROSPECTION is required

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Elizabeth F. Loftus (1944 - )

• The most horrifying idea is that what we believe
  with all our hearts is not necessarily the
  truth.(Loftus, 1996,
• Memory is malleable and easily altered.

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Michael Gazzaniga, Ph.D

• Has spent most of his career studying the brain
  and left/right hemisphere dominance.
• Researched the impact of spilt brain operations.

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Check for Understanding

• How is behaviorism different from psychoanalysis?
• How do cognitive psychologists explain human
  behavior?
• What is introspection?
• Name two psychologists who would focus on the
  unconscious to explain human behavior.
• Name two psychologists who would only study
  observable human behavior.
• Name the Psychologist
• Structuralism Functionalism
• Dream analysis life-span approach