Adolescence Chapter 4

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AdolescenceChapter 4
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Adolescence

• Transition between childhood and adulthood
• Psychological terms
• Time period of mixed abilities and
  responsibilities in which childlike behavior
  changes to adult like behavior
• Initiation Rites
• Ceremonies or rituals in which an individual is
  admitted to new status or accepted into a new
  position
• 16, 18, 21 graduations, bar mitzvahs

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Theories of adolscence

• Margret Mead
• Adolescence is a highly enjoyable time and not
  marked by storm and stress
• Culture plays an important role in development
• G. Stanley Hall
• Adolescence as representing a transitional stage
• Animal in a cage-sees freedom but does not know
  when or how to handle it
• Confused, troubled and highly frustrated

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Theories continued

• Factors that determine adjustment
• Varies between individuals
• Adjustment in childhood
• Adjustment of parents and peers
• And the changes that occur
• 1988 report
• 11 percent have serious difficulties
• 32 percent have sporadic problems
• 57 enjoy positive times
• Do you think this changed since 1988?

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Theories Continued

• Robert Havighurst
• Every adolescent faces challenges in the form of
  developmental tasks that must be mastered
• Accepting ones physical makeup and acquiring
  gender role
• Developing appropriate relations with peers
• Becoming emotionally independent or parents
• Assurance that they will become economically
  independent
• Deciding/entering a profession
• Developing cognitive skills for social competence
• Understanding/achieving socially responsible
  behavior
• Preparing for marriage and family
• Acquiring values

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Physical Development

• Puberty
• Sexual maturation
• Girls between 8-10
• Boys 9-16
• Growth spurts

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Reactions to Growth

• Self consciousness
• Research-boys who develop earlyadvantage
• Effects felt into their 30s
• Research girls who develop earlydisadvantage
• Psychological reactions to physical growth may be
  result of a self-fulfilling prophecy
• Boy who believes he does not meet cultures
  physical ideal may think less of himself

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Sexual Development

• Sexual attitudes
• Cultural variations
• Change in sexual attitudes
• The Youth Risk behavior Surveillance report
• 1 million pregnancies occur/year w/ adolescence
• 3 million cases of STDs
• Rates falling since 1991 but still an issue

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What impacts behaviors

• Children of teenage mothers
• Fear of STDs/AIDS

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Personal Development

• Cognitive Development
• Formal operations
• More abstract thinking-hypothetical, ethical,
  conformity
• Problem solving
• Rationalization
• A process when individuals seek to explain an
  often unpleasant emotion or behavior in a way
  that will preserve his/her self-esteem
• again, variations from individual to
  individual, social, economic classes

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Personal Devlopment Cont.

• Idealism-just quit
• Some problems with adolescent development as a
  result of Immaturity
• Argumentativeness
• Finding fault with authority figures-fault-everyon
  e know
• Indecisiveness
• Apparent hypocrisy
• Self-consciousness
• Invulnerability-risk taking, self-destructive
  behaviors-not subject to same rules

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Moral Development

• Kohlberg
• Moral reasoning develops in stages
• To see situations from another's view point
• What effects moral development?
• Relationships with parents
• Significant others
• After high school is when most moral development
  occurs WHY?

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Identity Development

• Erik Erikson
• Establishment of identity is key to development
• Theory of Identity Crisis
• Children live in future-adolescents think about
  future
• Identity Crisis
• A time of inner conflict during which adolescents
  worry about who they are
• Physiological changes
• Cognitive developments
• Sexual development

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Erikson ContinuedWHO AM I

• See the future as a reality
• Inner conflict
• Desire to feel unique vs. to fit in (must resolve
  this in order to achieve a sense of self)
• Identity forms when Issues regarding job, values,
  sexual identity
• Role confusionchaos, a child like behaviors

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James Marcia

• Supports Erikson and identity crisis
• Individuals must make a decision on
  issues(politics, religion, job)
• 4 attempts to achieve a sense of identity
• Identity moratorium adolescents
• Seriously considering issues but not made a
  commitment
• Identity foreclosure adolescents
• Have made a firm commitment on issue but not on
  their own choice but suggestions of others
• Identity confused or diffused adolescents
• Not given any thought to making a decision, no
  sense of identity
• Identity achievement adolescents
• Who considered may possibilities and have
  committed themselves

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Social Learning View

• AC Peterson
• Crisis not a normal for adolescents
• Change in external circumstances-divorce
• Albert Bandura
• Social Learning Theory
• Develop due to interaction with others

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Social Development

• Role of Peers
• Peers groups
• Hierarchy-who is in what group, what do they do?
• Early in adolescence divided by gender but become
  co-ed
• Form along class lines
• Teach how to act in the world (good neighborhood)
• Role of family
• Becoming independent of families
• Mixed feelings on both sides

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Peer groups continued

• What forms peer groups?
• Personal characteristics looks, personality,
  athletic ability)
• Clique-small, exclusive group of people within a
  larger group
• Functions
• Fulfills need for closeness
• Define self (self confidence, independence)
• Down sides
• Conformity-acting in accordance with some
  specified authority
• both parents and peers influence

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Difficulties during adolescence

• Rates of depression, mental illness, suicide
  increasing-WHY?
• Invulnerability
• Running away, pregnancy, drugs, underachievement
• Juveniles-17 of all violent crimes
• 35 of all property crimes

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Depression and Suicide

• What causes depression in adolescents?
• Loss of a loved one
• Separation or divorce
• What does depression look it in adolescents?
• Anger, rebellious behaviors, hyperactive
• Change in intensity/frequency of rebellious
  behaviors
• Withdrawal from friends
• Talking about suicide

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Eating Disorder

• Anorexia nervosa
• Refusing to eat and not maintaining weight-fear
  of gaining weight
• Distorted body image
• Refusal to grow up? Control?
• bulimia nervosa
• Binge eating followed by purging
• Laxatives, fasting, dieting to eliminate calories
  during binge
• Females more likely to develop
• Do not get the calories or nutrition they need to
  grow
• Treatment-therapy, anti-depressants

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Gender Roles and Differencesboys will be boys

• Girls dressed in Pink and boys in blue
• Gender specific names
• Act differently
• Nature vs. nurture?

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Gender Roles

• Gender identity
• The sex group (masculine or feminine) to which an
  individual belongs to biologically
• Awareness of being male or female
• Between 2-3
• By 5 learned expectations, behaviors
• Gender role
• Set of behaviors that society considers
  appropriate for each sex
• Genetic but mostly by society and culture
• U.S.men dominate, aggressive, competitive
• Can change over time and from societies

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Gender roles continued

• Gender stereotypes
• Oversimplified or distorted generalization about
  characteristics or men/women
• Historically division of labor
• Some argue should be androgynous
• Combining or blending traditionally male/female
  characteristics
• Bem Sex Role Inventory
• 50 percent traditional
• 15 percent cross-sexed typed
• 36 percent androgynous

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gender differences

• Personality
• Males more confident (math, science)
• Females more verbal aggression, males more
  physical
• Society encourages male aggression
• Men lower levels of serotonin
• Communication
• men talk more and interrupt more
• Females talk more when they have power
• Women use hedges-you know Kind of
• Women also use disclaimers-I may be wrong
• Women use more tag questions- Okay?

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Cognitive Abilities

• No measurable difference between sexes in math
  and verbal skills
• Problem solving skills improve for men in H.S
• Men do better on spatial reasoning
• Women better at tracking objects

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Origins of Gender Differences

• Biological theory of gender-anatomy, hormones
• Historically
• Psychoanalytic theory-Freud
• Child identifies with parents of same sex, gender
  identity results
• Social Learning theory
• Social and cognitive processes-modeling
• Praise girl for cleaning
• Cognitive Developmental theory
• Interacting with environment and thinking about
  experiences
• Learn standards for male/female behaviors
• Gender schemas-set of behaviors organized around
  how either a male or female should think/behave

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Changing Gender Roles

• Women in work force
• Age of marriage

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• -Monday-review
• Tuesdsay-test
• Wednesday-pp-what is it like to be teenager?
• Thursday-
• Friday
• Video children at play-aggression
• Bem sex role inventory
• 20/20 eating disorders
• Bullying-
• Video boys playing with dolls