Development Over the Lifespan (Chapter 14)

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Development Over the Lifespan (Chapter 14)

• Lecture Outline
• Parenting and temperament
• Adolescence and other transitions

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The Self

• Self concept
• What am I
• Physical, active, social, psychological
  components are related to progression across ages

• Self-esteem
• Evaluative component
• How valued am I?
• People internalize the evaluative judgements made
  by others

How we see ourselves is related to how we think
others see us, but not always how they actually
see us.
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Parental Styles

• Authoritarian Firm, punitive, unsympathetic,
  and negative
• Children can learn to be sneaky and externally
  controlled with low self-esteem
• Permissive Freedom, no rules or discipline
• Children can learn to be impulsive, get in
  trouble
• Authoritative Firm but understanding
• Children help make the rules, high self-esteem

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Temperament

• Disposition, intensity, and duration of emotional
  experience
• Easy Playful, adaptable, regular in sleep and
  eating cycles
• Difficult Fusy, irregular, unadaptable to new
  situations
• Slow-to-warm up Avoid/ shy with novelty
• Temperamental assessment
• Behavioral observations
• Physiological reactivity

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Goodness-of-fit person X environment interaction
Irritable Baby
Parenting Stable Unstable
Baby More Fussy Less Fussy
Parent Poor coping Good coping
Toddler Negative Happy
Fussy Calm
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Physiology of adolescence

• 1987, Dr. Marcia E. Herman-Giddens and colleagues
  described the results of physical examinations of
  17,077 American girls.
• Caucasian girls were showing bodily signs of
  sexual maturity an average of one year earlier
  than previous studies had indicated, and
  Black-American girls two years earlier. On the
  average, breast development was notable before
  age 10 in white girls and before age 9 in black
  girls, and the growth of pubic hair generally
  occurred about a year later. But even at age 7,
  27 percent of black girls and nearly 7 percent of
  white girls had begun to grow breasts, pubic hair
  or both.
• Boys go through puberty earlier, but menarche
  makes this easier to study in girls.
• Why? Nutrition? Body fat content? Family
  stress? What is the impact on self concept? Do
  early maturers get in more trouble?

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Growing Autonomy of Teenagers

• Conflicts with parents
• Negotiation and enforcement of rules
• Manipulating parents, Individuation
• Mood swings and depression
• Shy, withdrawn, unattractive, rejection by peers
• Risk-taking behavior
• Drugs, alcohol, sexuality, gangs, weapons, law
• Ethnic identity (Own) and acculturation (Dominant
  Culture)
• Can be high a low in each, problems when you are
  low in both

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Erik Erikson and Personality Development

• Trust vs. mistrust Birth to 1 year
• Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt (1-3)
• Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6)
• Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12)
• Identity vs. Role confusion (adolescence)
• Intimacy vs. Isolation (early adulthood)
• Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adult)
• Integrity vs. Despair (old age)

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Life transitions and social clock

• Anticipated transitions Everyone does these at
  the same time
• Examples go to school, drive a car, vote,
  serious relationship, children, retirement
• Unanticipated transitions You do something early
• Children (teen parenthood), retirement (forced
  early but outs), get a job (financial need)
• Non-event transitions Something expected does
  not happen
• Children (late birth-timing), Work (career
  advancement is slow), Solitude (not in serious
  relationship or marriage when you thought you
  would be)

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Cattells (1971) Two Subfactors of Intelligence

• Fluid intelligence
• Understanding abstract and new information
• Deductive reasoning and analogies
• Creative relationships

• Crystallized Intelligence
• Accumulation of knowledge
• Vocabulary and general information
• Knowing lots of stuff

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Cognition in later years

• Decrease in fluid and increase in crystallized
  intelligence, e.g., Lost in Boston
• Overall changes in information processing, but no
  net deficits
• Wisdom Insight into human development and life
• Greater awareness of what you do
• not know
• Neural plasticity after strokes
• Degeneration in Alzheimers