CHAPTER%209%20INTELLIGENCE%20AND%20CREATIVITY

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CHAPTER 9INTELLIGENCE AND CREATIVITY
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Learning Objectives

• What is the psychometric approach to
  intelligence and how have different psychometric
  theorists defined intelligence?
• What are the traditional measures of intelligence
  and what are some of the advantages and
  disadvantages of these approaches?
• What are some alternatives to these traditional
  measures of intelligence?

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Intelligence and Creativity

• What Is Intelligence?
• Adaptive thinking or actions (Piaget)
• Ability to think abstractly, solve problems?
• Characteristics of Intelligence
• Genetic determination about 50
• Environmental influence about 50
• Creativity Ability to produce novel responses
  appropriate in context, valued by others

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The Psychometric Approach

• A trait can be identified, measured
• A single attribute? Spearman
• g general s special
• Many attributes? Thurstone
• Seven primary mental abilities
• Spatial ability, perceptual speed, numeric
  reasoning, verbal meaning, word fluency, memory,
  inductive reasoning
• IQ tests and IQ score

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Cattell and Horn

• Fluid Intelligence Decreases in older adults
• Used to solve novel problems
• Skills reasoning, seeing relationships,
  inferences,
• Free of cultural influences
• Crystallized Intelligence Increases with age
• Knowledge from experiences (learned)
• General information, vocabulary, etc.

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Gardner Theory of Multiple Intelligences

• Not measured with IQ tests 8 types
• 1) Linguistic
• 2) Logical-mathematical
• 3) Musical
• 4) Spatial
• 5) Bodily-kinesthetic
• 6) Interpersonal
• 7) Intrapersonal
• 8) Naturalist

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Savant Syndrome

• Extraordinary talent in one area
• Otherwise mentally retarded
• Musical, artistic, calculation abilities

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Sternbergs Triarchic Theory

• Contextual Component
• Adapting to the environment
• Street smart, age group, culture, etc.
• Experiential Component Automatization
• Response to novelty
• Componential Component
• Information processing
• Efficiency of strategies

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• Robert Sternbergs Triarchic Theory of
  Intelligence

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The Stanford-Binet IQ Test

• The standard in traditional IQ testing
• Age-graded items used
• Older Version Concept of mental age (MA)
• IQ MA/CA X 100
• Modern S-B Scales
• Test norms used
• Large, representative samples
• IQ score of 100 is average

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The Wechsler Scales (IQ Test)

• Widely Used Today
• WPPSI ages 3-8 (2002)
• WISC-III ages 6-16 (1991)
• WAIS-III adults
• Three IQ Scores Derived
• Verbal IQ
• Performance IQ
• Full-scale IQ

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• The approximate distribution of IQ scores

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Intelligence Testing Today

• Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children
• How problems are solved
• Dynamic assessment approach
• How quickly learning occurs
• Cognitive Assessment System
• Predicts academic success

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Learning Objectives

• What methods have been used to assess infant
  intelligence and how successful is each method?
• To what extent is infant intelligence related to
  later intelligence?
• Are IQ scores stable during childhood? What
  factors contribute to gains and losses in IQ
  scores?
• What are the typical characteristics of creative
  children?

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The Infant

• Developmental Quotient (DQ)
• Bayley Scales Ages 2-30 months
• Correlations with Child IQ are low to zero
• Useful for diagnostic purposes
• Best Predictors of IQ
• Measures of information processing
• E.g., attention, speed of habituation, preference
  for novelty

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The Child

• DQ does not predict later IQ
• IQ at age 4 predicts later IQ
• IQ Gains Due to
• Parents who foster achievement
• Neither strict nor lax parenting
• IQ Drops Poverty
• Cumulative Deficit Hypothesis

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Learning Objectives

• How well do IQ scores predict school achievement?
  
• To what extent is IQ related to occupational
  success?

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The Adolescent

• Brain growth spurt at age 11/12 (puberty)
• Formal operational thinking
• Improved memory and processing skills
• Stability of IQ evident
• IQ score a good predictor of school achievement

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Learning Objectives

• How do IQ and mental abilities change with age?
• What factors predict declines in intellectual
  abilities in older adults?
• To what extent does wisdom exist in older adults?
• How does creativity change throughout adulthood?

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The Adult

• Strong Relationships Between
• IQ and occupational prestige
• IQ and job performance
• IQ and good health/longevity
• IQ decline by age 80 (longitudinal studies)
• C-S studies show cohort effects
• Fluid IQ peaks at about age 24
• Crystallized (verbal) unchanged until 80s

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Predictors of Gains and Decline

• Decline Poor health, unstimulating lifestyle
• Gain (or maintain)
• Above average SES
• Intact marriages
• Intellectually capable spouses
• Active lifestyles
• Use it or lose it!

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Wisdom

• Expert Pragmatic Knowledge
• Rich procedural knowledge strategies esp. for
  handling conflict
• Lifespan contextual knowledge
• Relativism of values life priorities
• Recognition and management of uncertainty
• Age does not predict wisdom
• Intelligence, personality and cognitive style

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Learning Objectives

• What evidence shows genetic influence on IQ
  scores?
• What other factors influence IQ scores?

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Factors that Influence IQ

• The Flynn Effect Increases in IQ generally
• Genes Accounts for half (Twin studies)
• Home environment higher SES helps
• Environment is powerful
• Parental involvement and stimulation
• Firstborn, smaller family are advantages
• Racial and ethnic differences
• Stereotype threat
• Culture bias in IQ test

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Learning Objectives

• How are mental retardation and giftedness
  defined?
• What are the outcomes for individuals who are
  mentally retarded or gifted?

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Mental Retardation

• Below-average intellectual functioning IQ 75
• Limited adaptive behavior Before age 18
• Self-care and social skills
• Below age-appropriate expectations
• Causes
• Organic e.g., Down syndrome
• Cultural-familial genes environment

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Giftedness

• High IQ
• Special abilities math, arts, leadership
• Renzuli combination high IQ, creativity, and
  task commitment
• Can be identified by 18 months
• Termans Termites
• Remarkable into adulthood
• Well adjusted

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Creativity

• Ability to produce novel responses
• Divergent thinking A variety of solutions
• Convergent Thinking
• Focusing on best solution
• Measured by IQ test
• Ideational Fluency

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Creativity in Childhood and Adolescence

• Freedom, originality, humor, violence,
  playfulness
• More fantasy and pretend play
• More open to new experience
• Little genetic influence Related to home
• Value nonconformity and independence
• Encouragement of curiosity and playfulness
• Freedom to explore independently

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Creative Achievement in Adulthood

• Increases in the 20s, 30s, and early 40s
• Then declines
• Peak Times Vary by Fields
• Humanities scholars peak in 60s
• Artists peak in 30s and 40s
• Scientists peak from 40s to 70s
• Enthusiasm and experience required.

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