CPS120: Introduction to Computer Science

1
CPS120 Introduction to Computer Science

• INPUT/OUTPUT

2
Input/Output Structures

• In our pseudocode algorithms we have used the
  expressions Read and Write
• High-level languages view input data as a stream
  of characters divided into lines

3
Console I/O

• console I/O refers to using the keyboard and
  screen as the standard input and output devices,
  respectively.

4
C-In (cin)

• cin is a stream of data flowing from an input
  device such as the keyboard (considered to be the
  standard input device) into your program.

5
Input Operations

• The operator gtgt is known as the input operator.
  It is also known as the extraction operator
• You use the input operator in statements like,
• cin gtgt numItems
• which would allow the user to input a value to
  be stored in the variable numItems.

6
Inputting Words

• gtgt can be used -- but once it hits a space or a
  tab, the rest of the string is ignored
• Use the get function for strings that contain
  white space

7
Complexities of Word Input

• Some things are done automatically with gtgt
• get does not skip over line breaks and spaces
• If the user enters a string longer than the
  length specified in the call to the get function,
  the remaining characters are left in the input
  stream
• get always ignores the new line character (\n)
  and leaves it in the stream
• Use the ignore function to flush the contents of
  the input stream
• cin.ignore(80, \n)

8
Output Operations

• The operator ltlt is known as the output operator.
  It is also known as the insertion operator
• You use the output operator in statements
  like cout ltlt "Hello world"

9
C-Out (cout)

• cout is a stream which represents data flowing
  from one place to another.
• The statement
• cout ltlt "Hello world"
• causes data to flow from your program to the
  screen.
• The stream, cout, leads to what your computer
  considers to be its standard output device
  (usually the screen)

10
Line Spacing

• In order to end a line in an output statement you
  may use the new line character, \n, instead of
  endl.
• Examples
• cout ltlt "Hello world" ltlt '\n'
• cout ltlt "Hello world" ltlt "\n"
• cout ltlt "Hello world\n"
• These are practically equivalent to
• cout ltlt "Hello world" ltlt endl

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Escape Sequences

• Other useful "escape sequences" (since the \ is
  the escape operator) are
• \t to generate a tab
• \\ to print a backslash
• \' to print a single quote
• \" to print a double quote

12
Using setf and unsetf

• Each stream has format options that can be
  changed
• OPTION DESCRIPTION
• left Left-justifies the output
• right Right-justifies the output
• showpoint Displays decimal point and trailing
  zeros for floats
• uppercase Displays e in scientific as E
• showpos Displays a leading plus sign
• scientific Displays floating point number
  scientifically
• fixed Displays floating-point in normal notation

13
Using Format Options

• Format options are set immediately prior to the
  COUT statement
• float x 24.0
• cout ltlt x ltlt \n // displays 24
• cout.setf(iosshowpoint)
• cout ltlt x ltlt \n // displays 24.00000
• cout.unsetf(iosshowpoint)
• cout ltlt x ltlt \n // displays 24

14
Using Manipulators

• You must include the ltiomanip.hgt header file at
  the top of your program in order to use the
  setprecision, setw, and other manipulators. You
  must use place the following compiler directive
  at the top of your program.include ltiomanip.hgt
• I/O manipulators are placed directly in the
  output statement
• cout ltlt setprecision(2) ltlt price ltlt \n

15
Setting Precision

• The setprecision manipulator allows you to limit
  the number of digits that are displayed when a
  numeric data type is displayed
• cout ltlt setprecision(2) ltlt price ltlt '\n'
• only allows the leading two digits of the value
  stored in the variable, price, to be displayed

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More Precisely

• If the fixed format was set previously with the
  statement
• cout.setf(iosfixed)
• then the setprecision(2) manipulator would have
  the effect of rounding or truncating price (and
  all future floating-point values in the cout
  stream) to the hundredths place

17
Field Width

• The setw manipulator controls the width of the
  field when displaying a value. The statement
• cout ltlt setw(10) ltlt umEndow ltlt endl
• sets the width of the field allocated for the
  variable, umEndow, to 10 characters

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Formatted Output -- Currency

• cout.setf(ios fixed)
• Print fixed point form, not in exponential form
• cout.setf(ios showpoint)
• Says to always print the decimal point
• cout.precison(2)
• Says to print out the two most significant
  decimal digits, after rounding to this precision