Keystone Review

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Keystone Review

• Biochemistry
• Water
• pH

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Carbon

• Carbon can form lots of bonds (and shapes)
  because it has four electrons in its outer energy
  level

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Carbon variety
Branched chain
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Covalent bondSHARING
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Carbon double bond and triple bond
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Macromolecules of Life

• Living things rely on 4 macromolecules
• CARBOHYDRATES
• LIPIDS
• PROTEINS
• NULCEIC ACIDS
• Each macromolecule is made up of smaller building
  blocks called monomers. (mono means one. A
  macromolecule is a polymer (poly means many)

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Macromolecule (Polymer) Building Block (Monomer)
Carbohydrate Monosaccharide
Lipid Fatty Acid
Protein Amino Acid
Nucleic Acid Nucleotide
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Monomer and Polymer
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Monomers are like legos

• You can put them together in whatever way you
  dream up!

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Condensation reaction AKA Dehydration synthesis
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Carbohydrate

• Used for short term energy in the body

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Carbohydrate polymers
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Cellulose a carbohydrate used for structure
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Glycogen use and storage
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Lipids Long term energy storage
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Cell membrane phospholipids
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Lipids

• Can also insulate the body

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Protein

• THREE JOBS
• Provide structurehair
• Supportmuscles
• Speed up reactions

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Catalyst (type of protein)

• Speeds up chemical reactions without being
  consumed

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Enzyme
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pH changes enzymes
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Temperature changes enzymes
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Concentration
The amount of substrate limits the activity of
the enzyme
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Nucleic Acid

• Nucleic acids hold information in code
• There are 2 types DNA and RNA

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Nucelic acid
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Building block

• Nucleic acids are made up of building blocks
  called NUCLEOTIDES.

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DNA

• DNA is always found in the NUCLEUS, or center of
  the cell (in prokaryotes).
• DNA is in the shape of a DOUBLE HELIX.

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RNA

• RNA can travel throughout the cell, because it
  carries INFORMATION on how to make PROTEIN and
  other vital cell parts.
• RNA is generally a SINGLE STRAND.

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Water

• Polar molecule
• Oxygen hydrogen share electrons but not equally

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Why is water sticky

• Hydrogen bonds
• The slight negative end and slight positive end
  of each water sticks to each other

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Properties of water

• Polarity
• Cohesion
• Surface tension
• Capillary action
• Adhesion
• Universal solvent
• High specific heat
• Less dense as a solid

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pH scale

• Runs from 0 to 14
• Below 7 is acidic
• 7 is neutral
• Above 7 is basic
• Measures the amount of hydrogen ions (H) in a
  solution