Germanic and Medieval Europe

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Germanic and Medieval Europe
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Germanic Rule

• Trade decreased
• Cities, bridges, and roads fell into disrepair
• Law order vanished
• Education almost disappeared
• Money was no longer used
• Life did not extend beyond the village

• By AD 500the Roman Empire had been destroyed by
  Germanic invasions
• Many things happened after the Germanic peoples
  took power

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Germanic Rule

• Western Europe had become a very backward place
• The period when the Germanic tribes first took
  over the west is called
• The Dark Ages,
• Middle Ages,
• Medieval Period
• The era contained elements of Germanic, Roman,
  and Christian cultures

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Merovingian Rulers

• AD 400sthe Franks emerged as the most powerful
• The Franks settled in Gaulmodern day France and
  Western Germany
• The early Frankish rulers were called Merovingian
  Kings
• The Merovingian Kings held power until the 700s

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Merovingian Rulers

• Clovis
• 481Became leader of the Franks
• 496Converted to Christianity
• He was very strong because of his military
• Upon his death, his kingdom was divided among his
  sons

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Clovis
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Carolingian Rulers

• Charles Martel
• 714Charles Martel became Mayor of the Palacethe
  leading government official under the king
• 732Martel defended France from Muslim invasion
  at the Battle of Tours

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Charles Martel
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• Pepin the Short
• Pepin was Charles Martels son
• 741Pepin became Mayor of the Palace
• Pepin wanted to be king, but he had no royal
  blood
• He used his influence with the Frankish bishops
  and the Pope to bring about dynastic change

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• Pepin the Short
• The Pope made Pepin king of the Franks
• Pepin agreed to defend the Catholic Church
  against its enemies
• 754Pepin helped to drive the Lombards out of
  Rome

• Pepin received a lot of Lombard land near Rome
• Pepin gave the land to the Pope
• The land became the Papal States

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• Charlemagne
• 768Charlemagne became king of the Franks
• Charlemagne was Pepins son
• Charlemagne has also been called Charles the
  Great Carolus Magnus
• His dynasty has been called the Carolingian
  Dynasty

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• He increased the size of the empire
• The kingdom came to include
• Germany
• France
• Northern Spain
• Most of Italy

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• He knew he needed to restore literacy to his
  kingdom
• He made his royal court into a center of learning
• By 800, Charlemagnes empire included all of
  civilized Western Europe

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• 800Charlemagne traveled to Rome to defend the
  Pope against upset Roman nobles
• Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Emperor of
  the Romans on Christmas Day
• His crowning helped to better the relationship
  between the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor

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• Charlemagne used counts to help rule his vast
  empire
• The counts solved the local problems and helped
  to get soldiers for Charlemagnes army

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• Charlemagne personally held his empire together
• 814Charlemagne dies leaving his son in
  powerLouis the Pious
• Louis was very weak
• After Louis death, he left the kingdom to his 3
  sons

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• Louis 3 sons constantly fought over control in
  the kingdom
• 8433 brothers agreed to divide the empire in the
  Treaty of Verdun
• Charles the BaldWestern Part (France)
• Louis the GermanEastern Part (Germany)
• LothairHoly Roman Empire (N. Italy and S.
  Germany)

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Early Medieval Europe

• Feudalism dominated early Medieval Europe
• Feudalism was a highly decentralized form of
  government stressing mutual alliances between
  monarchs and nobles in which land is given away
  in exchange for loyalty and military service
• Feudalism started in France and moved to other
  parts of Europe in the 1000s

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• Feudalism was developed by Charles Martel while
  he was fighting the Muslims
• Martel noticed the Muslims had an improved
  saddlethe Muslim saddle had stirrups, European
  saddles did not
• Martel wanted to add the new saddle to his
  military and create a true cavalry
• He had no money to pay the new soldiers, so he
  gave them land instead

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• Feudalism involved 2 people
• The Lord gave the land away
• The Vassal received the land
• The land that is given away is called a fief
• The vassal had to provide certain services to the
  lord in exchange for the land

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• 1.) Provide a certain number of knights
• Most important duty
• The vassal would give away his land as payment to
  knights
• Thus the vassal could become a lord
• 2.) Serve on the lords court
• 3.) Provide food and housing if the lord ever
  visited

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• 4.) Give to the lord if his son became a
  knight or his eldest daughter became married
• 5.) Pay the lords ransom if he were ever
  captured

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• Most of the obligations were never carried out
• Most vassals would raise knights not to give to
  the lord, but to fight the lord to get more land
• Feudalism lack of centralization led to lots of
  war between the lords and vassals
• The Catholic Churchunsuccessfullytried to limit
  the number of wars with many laws

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• Castles
• Lords were only powerful if they could protect
  themselves
• They built castles for defense
• Castles were a complex of different buildings

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• The Nobility
• Kings
• Lords
• Knights
• Ladies
• Nobles had easy lives when compared to the
  peasants
• Their castles were cold, dark, damp, and dreary
  places

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• The Nobility
• Nobles had lots of power in their lands
• Collect taxes and rent
• Administer justice
• Female nobles had very few rights
• Forced into fixed marriages
• Could marry at age 12
• Main dutyto have and raise kids

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• The Nobility
• Noblemen participated in tournaments to keep
  their skills sharp
• Noblemen also enjoyed hunting, falconry, and
  archery

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• Knight Life
• Knights came from the noble classes
• 1.) _at_ age 7, training began
• The boy was a page and learned skills
• 2.) _at_ 15 the boy became a squire
• Assists a knight in battle
• 3.) _at_ 21 the boy became a knight

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• The Knight
• Knights followed a code called chivalry
• Had to be brave
• Fight fairly
• Keep promises
• Defend the Church
• Treat noblewomen with respect

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• The Manorial System
• The nobles were wealthy because of the work the
  peasants were doing
• The peasants lived on and worked the nobles
  lands
• Manorial Systeman agricultural system that
  provided both the lord and peasant with food,
  shelter, and protection

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• The Manorial System
• Manors were the lands and buildings that were
  farmed and used by both the lord and the peasants
• Lords house
• Pastures and fields
• Forests
• Peasant village

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• The Manorial System
• The manors peasants agreed to provide services
  to the lord in return for the lords protection
• The peasants farmed the land to produce food for
  themselves and the lord
• The peasants served as the tool
  producersblacksmiths, carpenters, millers, etc.

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• The Manorial System
• The manors had to be self-sufficientmaking
  everything the manor needed
• Most peasants never left the manor
• Some peasants were serfssimilar to slaves, but
  they could not be bought or sold

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• Agricultural Advances
• 2 new agricultural improvements occurred in the
  Middle Ages that led to more food production
• 1.) New Plow
• Heavier
• Made deeper cuts in the soil
• 2.) Three Field System
• Crop rotation

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• Peasant Life
• Peasants lived very hard lives
• Life expectancy40
• Disease and hunger were rampant
• Housing was small1 room with a dirt floor
• Rarely ate meat
• Enjoyed holidayslots of entertainment and food

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Medieval Church

• During the Medieval period, the Catholic Church
  proved to be very powerful
• Catholic Church became the center of life for
  nearly all Western Europeans
• The primary job of the church was spiritual
• The church became involved in political social
  issues
• Interdicts

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• Pope most powerful figure in Europe
• Nearly all of Europe fell under the Popes
  control
• Everyone was Catholic, giving the Pope control
  over peasants, nobles, and kings

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• Baptism
• Penance
• Eucharist
• Confirmation
• Matrimony
• Anointing of the sick
• Holy Orders

• Way to salvation was by gaining the grace of God
• To do this, people participated in sacraments
  (ceremonies)

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• Most Europeans were very religious even though
  they didnt understand Christianity
• The mass (church service) was said in Latina
  language that only the clergy (priests)
  understood
• People learned about Christianity through
  paintings, statues, stained glass

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• 1.) Secular (from Latin word meaning present
  world) Clergy
• Pope, Bishops, Priests
• 2.) Regular (from Latin word meaning rule)
  Clergy
• Monks nuns

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• 520St. Benedicts monastery in Italy that had
  strict rules for monks
• Couldnt marry
• Couldnt own property
• Some took vows of silence
• Monastic Life
• Monks were very obedient people
• Clothing was simple- a long, loose robe made from
  dark, wool material
• 1-2 meals a day
• Lived in monasteries

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St. Benedict
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• Monastic Life
• Women also participated
• These women were nuns who lived in convents
• Known for wearing gown veil

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• Monastic Life
• Monks nuns were isolated from the rest of the
  people yet played a major role in peoples lives
• Monks preserved classical Roman and Greek texts
  by hand copying books
• Monasteries also had schools for children,
  hospitals for the sick, and hotels for travelers

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• Power of the Church
• The Catholic Church was powerful both politically
  spiritually
• The rich gave to the Church
• Church became corrupt from the power
• Church leaders cared less about the people and
  more about

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• Church Reform
• People began to call for reform because the
  Church was too secular
• A College of Cardinals would choose the Pope
• 1073the Pope outlawed the Practice of Lay
  Investiturewhen secular rulers appointed Church
  officials
• 1215 Pope Innocent III tried to reform the
  clergy
• He condemned drunkenness, feasting, hawking, and
  dancing among the clergy

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• The pope stands between God and man, lower than
  God, but higher than men, who judges all and is
  judged by no one.
• Pope Innocent
  III

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• Heretics could be punished or killed
• Innocent started the Inquisitiona Church court
  designed to find, try, convict, punish heretics
• 1.)imprisonment
• 2.)excommunication
• 3.)taking of property
• 4.)execution

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• Friarswandering preachersalso attempted church
  reform
• Franciscans
• Dominicans

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Rise of European Monarchies
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• During the early medieval period, kings were
  rulers only in name they had very little power
  until the 1100s

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Medieval England

• England was repeatedly invaded by Viking tribes
  from the 400s until the 100s
• Angles, Saxons, Vikings
• One king was able to help England defend itself
  from Viking invasions in 800s
• King Alfred the Great (871-899) defeated the
  Vikings
• Alfred was a learner, opened schools, and hired
  translators to translate books
• Had a history of England written (Anglo-Saxon
  Chronicle)
• The Anglo Saxon Chronicle was continuously
  updated for 200 years

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King Alfred
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• 1066 England will be invaded and change hands
  after king dies
• 3 people claim throne (a Viking, Harold
  Godwinson, William Duke of Normandy)
• William Duke of Normandy was on who laid claim
• He was a relative of King Edward and a vassal to
  the King of France
• Assembled force of 10,000 set sail for England
• 1066 Battle of Hastings William wins becomes
  the Conqueror or King William I of England

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• William sets up new tax system
• Doomsday Book was a census to count every
  person, farm, town, farm animal, etc. in
  England--a 1st for Europe

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William the Conqueror
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• Henry I (1100-1135) Williams grandson
• Greatly increased power of the monarch
• Created system of courts known as Lion of
  Justice
• Judges from royal court traveled around to
  decide cases (took power from lords)
• Henry II (1154-1189) grandson of Henry I
• Establishes common law started trial by jury
• Henry ran into problems with the Catholic Church
  in England

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• Henry appointed friend-Thomas Beckett as
  archbishop of Canterbury
• Henry does this to get a friend or ally into the
  Church
• Eventually orders his friend to be murdered.
• Married Eleanor of Aquitaine
• Now owns Normandy Aquitaine (thats almost ½ of
  France!!)

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• Henry IIs son King John
• Loses land to the French
• John angers people--by raising taxes
• 1215angry English barons force John to sign
  Magna Carta
• The Magna Carta was a charter that placed limits
  on the kings power
• 1.) King couldnt raise taxes without consent of
  the Great Council
• 2.) Outlawed imprisonment without fair trial

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• 1200s - middle class that made from business
  not farming
• Led to a Parliament
• 1.) House of Lords
• 2.) House of Commons

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France

• France develops strong monarchy
• Frances govt. will not be like the limited
  monarchy that had been created in England
• Lands were ruled by different lords who were
  independent of each other
• 987 Hugh Capet will seize throne of France
• Capetian Dynasty lasts 300 years

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• As the French monarchs became more powerful, the
  number of French nobles decreased
• Gave towns the right to govern themselves--towns
  no longer under feudal obligations
• Royal courts exert power over local lords courts
• Only king could mint coins
• Even taxed the clergy
• Banned private wars certain weapons

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Holy Roman Empire

• The HRE (modern day Germany) stayed very weak
• The HRE was heavily entangled in the politics of
  the Pope and Rome
• 962 Pope asked Otto for help named Otto
  Emperor of the Romans
• HRE could approve or disapprove the election of
  popes
• HRE could depose popes while the pope could
  depose kings--a struggle over who had real power
  will develop

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• 1073 Pope Gregory VII outlaws lay
  investiture--kings appointing the clergy
• Emperor Henry IV refused to follow this
• Pope Gregory excommunicated Henry
• Gregory tries to get nobles to select another
  ruler
• Upon this, Pope excommunicated and deposed Henry
• Henry gives in to the Pope goes to Rome to
  repent
• Concordat of Worms
• HRE was allowed to choose bishops and give
  bishops land
• The pope, however had the power to disapprove
  unworthy candidates