The Rise of Medieval Europe

1
The Rise of Medieval Europe

• Chapter 12

Oh look a castle! I wonder why the castle was
built? How did the rise of Medieval (Middle Age)
Europe get its start?
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Frankish Rulers

• BY A.D. 500 Germanic invasions had all but
  destroyed the Western Roman Empire.
• Much civilized way of life was gone. (roads,
  bridges, economy, law and order, education)
• This led to the dark ages which later would be
  called the Middle Ages.

3
Merovingian Rulers

• These were the Frankish leaders of the Germanic
  tribes that settled in what is now Western France
  and Germany.
• In 481 A.D., Clovis becomes King of the Franks
  and accepts Catholicism.

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Clovis
Crimson and Clovis, over and over! Ha , They
should have a song like that. It would rock!
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Charles Martel

• In 714, Martel became the mayor of a palace.
• When Muslim forces threatened Europe in A.D. 732,
  Charles led the successful defense of Tours in
  France.
• This victory won Charles great prestige and
  ensured that Christianity would remain the
  dominant religion of Europe.

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Pepin the Short

• In 752, Pepin the Short, the son of Charles
  Martel, became King of the Franks.
• The Pope blessed the reign of Pepin.
• In return, Pepin was expected to help the pope
  against his enemies.
• In 754, Pepin forced the Lombards to withdraw
  from Rome.

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Pepin the Short (cont)

• In appreciation, the Pope cut his political ties
  to the Byzantine Empire and looked to the franks
  as his protector.
• As result, the fortunes of western Europe and
  Catholicism were bound more closely together.

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Before Pepin, the pope had political ties with the

• Byzantine Empire.

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Charlemagnes Empire

• Pepins son, Charlemagne became on of Europe's
  greatest kings.
• Nearly doubled the borders of his kingdom.
• His domain became the Frankish Empire.
• This was the first time people were ruled by one
  government since the fall of Rome.
• Charlemagne started schools that helped revive
  education in W. Europe.

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Hello, my name is Charles. I am so magnificent.
People should call me Charles the Magnificent (or
Charlemagne if you will)! And remember kids, it
is better to look good than to feel good! And I
look terrific!
Charlemagne
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This means that the French were once ruled as a
powerful empire under Charlemagne. This, of
course, is before they invested all their time
and energies into making cheese and wine. By the
way,does the phrase shivering like a French
soldier,mean anything to you? (A joke the
French are a actually valued ally of the United
States )
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A Christian Realm

• Christmas day 800 A.D., Charlemagne was crowned
  Holy Roman Emperor protector of the church,
  creating a Holy (Christian) Roman Empire.
• He utilized Counts-officials that helped with
  rule at the local level.
• Charlemagne was known to travel his empire quite
  a bit.
• During this time, the Christian Roman Church
  united western Europeans.

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Charlemagne was also responsible for all of the
following

• increasing scholarship and learning across
  Europe.
• strengthening and enlarging the empire
• instructing counts in their duties of office.

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Collapse of Charlemagnes Empire

• Charlemagnes forceful personality held his
  empire together.
• Charlemagne died in 814 and his three sons fought
  for power.
• In 843, the three sons divided the Carolinian
  lands among themselves.

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Invasions Decrease Unity

• Internal fighting weakened the Carolinian
  Kingdoms.
• Outside invasions destroyed the kingdoms.
• Muslims invaded southern Italy
• The Slavs invaded from the east and took central
  Europe.
• Magyars also invaded from Eastern Europe.

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Viking Invasions

• Vikings invaded Europe from Scandinavia with
  ships that were driven by oars.
• Their boats were strong enough to cross the
  Atlantic, shallow enough to float rivers, and
  light enough to carry across a bridge.
• Vikings were very fierce warriors.
• In fact, to go a-Viking means to fight.
  (Medieval Scandinavian)

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Viking Invasions contd

• Due to constant attacks by the Vikings, monarchs
  would lose central control
• Local nobles were needed to control local
  defenses
• Feudalism continues to rise.

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Which helped the most in making the Vikings
successful in their invasions?

• Magyars
• ships
• trade
• sagas

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Viking Trade

• The Vikings (aka Norsemen North men) were
  settlers and explorers that were skilled in
  sailing and trading.
• The Norsemen (Norwegian) settled in Greenland,
  Iceland, and even reached N. America.
• Vikings established the Viking states of Normandy
  in N.W. France

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Who dares wish to smell the armpits of Olaf of
the Hill People? You might want to scrape my
armpit sweat with a knife and spread it onto a
piece of bread for a tasty snack!!!! Yummy!!!
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Viking Culture

• Vikings worshiped many deities.
• The Vikings told stories about their gods called
  eddas.
• By A.D. 1000, the Vikings had converted to
  Christianity.
• With this new Christian religion, the Vikings
  began to record their language with Latin letters.

25
The Vikings were responsible for which of the
following

• monarchs losing control.
• nobles controlling local defense.
• the new political system known as feudalism.

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A New Europe

• People of W. Europe suffered at the hands of
  invading groups.
• Invasions weakened the power of the Monarchs and
  trade declined.
• As a result of royal weakness, nobles took over
  local defense.
• Beginning in the 900s, a new political and
  social system brought stability to W. Europe.

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Medieval Life

• The new political and social system that
  developed in W. Europe was Feudalism.
• Feudalism is a decentralized form of govt that
  stressed alliances between monarchs and nobles of
  varying degrees of power.
• Feudalism is based on giving land to nobles in
  return for their loyalty and military aid.

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Feudal Relationships

• The relationship between military service and
  land ownership characterized feudalism.
• Feudalism began with Charles Martel wanting to
  develop a cavalry to defeat the Muslims.
• He would sell Fiefs or land estates (including
  the peasants on the land) so soldiers could raise
  horses.
• In time, nobles would assume the power of raising
  armies and soldiers became knights.

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The relationship between nobles and peasants was
known as

• feudalism.

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Feudal Obligations

• Ties between a lord and a vassal were done in a
  ceremony known as Homage.
• The Vassal agreed to provide his lord a military.
• A Vassal was a noble who served a lord of the
  next higher rank.

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(Lords)
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Castles for Defense

• The lack of a strong central allowed for constant
  warfare
• defense was needed.
• Every noble had a castle or a fortified manor
• generally built from stone, with a small tower,
  and surrounded by a moat.

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Life of the Nobility

• Lords, Ladies, and knights made up the nobility
  of the Middle Ages.
• Within his fief (manor), a noble had all
  authority.
• A lady had few if any rights and did domestic
  work (cooking, cleaning, washing).

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A fief consisted of

• peasants, land, and a castle.

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Entertainment

• Nobles were entertained at tournaments mock
  battles between knights.
• Nobles loved to hunt and practice the art of
  archery.

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Becoming a Knight

• Noble boys began training to be a knight at age 7
  (called a Page).
• At age 15, a Page became a Squire and practiced
  using weapons.
• Once a squire proved himself in battle, he was
  knighted.
• A knights code was called Chivalry.

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The behavior of knights was governed by a code of
honor called

• homage.
• chivalry.
• manorialism.
• vassalage.

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The Manorial System

• The manorial system served as a means for
  agricultural production.
• A manor provided serfs (peasants) with food,
  shelter and protection.
• Manors needed Blacksmiths, Carpenters,
  Cobblers, Millers

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The self-sufficiency of the manor was important
during the feudal era because

• carpenters and blacksmiths could not leave the
  manor without permission.
• war and invasion made trade difficult.
• heavy taxation made manufactured goods
  expensive.
• few peasants were skilled as artisans.

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Work on a Manor

• In return for protection, peasants provided
  services for the lord.
• Ex Farming and labor
• Serfs peasants bound to the manor.

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Those farmers who could not leave the manor
without permission were called

• vassals.
• squires.
• peasants.
• serfs.

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Increased Production

• Improvements in farming during this time period
  increased production.
• Examples better plows, crop rotation (three
  field system)

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The Three Field System  
 
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Increased productivity of manorial land was due to

• harder-working peasants and more efficient
  management.
• harder-working peasants and better soil.
• a new kind of plow and different breeds of
  vegetables.
• a new kind of plow and a different use of fields.

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Peasant Life

• Peasant life was full of poverty and hardship.
• Few peasants lived past the age of 40.
• In wartimes, peasants were the hardest hit,
  invading knights trampled crops and burned
  villages causing famine and loss of life.

You know being a serf is pretty back breaking
work!
Yeah, but it beats being a Gilbert Tiger. Those
guys are dorks!!
51
Which of the following do you think peasants
could do?

• build houses, make shoes, or make candle
• herd sheep, farm land, or work with iron.
• sew clothing, grind their own grain, or fight in
  tournaments.
• make wine and beer, shear sheep, or sing.

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Poverty, famine, disease, and barely sufficient
living conditions characterized the lives of

• serfs.
• all people.
• ladies.
• pages.

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The Medieval Church

• The decline of Rome led the church to assume many
  political and social tasks.
• It provided a central governing body during the
  medieval time period.
• The patriarch of Rome became the Pope.
• (patriarchfatherpapapope)

54
Religious Role

• The Catholic Church taught that all people are
  sinners and needs Gods grace.
• The only way to receive Gods grace was through
  various sacraments.
• Ex Baptism, Communion, Marriage
• Middle age masses (church gatherings) were said
  in Latin.
• Many did not speak Latin or were illiterate and
  learned from paintings, statues or stained glass
  windows.

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Church Organization

• Church hierarchy was the same as it is now.
• Most people only came in contact with the priest
  of the local parish.
• From time to time the bishop would pay visits to
  parishes in his diocese

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The best word to describe the role of the
Catholic Church in the Middle Ages is

• spiritual.
• central.
• isolated.
• ritualistic.

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Monastic Life

• Monks dressed in long robes, ate one or two
  plain meals a day.
• Many monasteries had a rule of silence.
• Monastic women were/are called nuns
• Nuns came under the direction of an Abbess

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Influence of Monastics

• Monks and nuns played an influential role in
  medieval intellectual life.
• Monasteries and convents provided schools,
  hospitals, and food for the poor.
• Some monks and nuns became missionaries.
• Scribes practiced the art of illumination.

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Which of the following is the best description of
a monastery or convent?

• a place where embroidered tapestries and fine
  needlework hung on the walls
• a place where peasants could learn a trade and
  become true Christians
• a kind of hotel or inn for missionaries and other
  travelers
• a place governed by rules of silence, hard work,
  and few pleasures

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Missionary Efforts

• Missionaries spread Catholicism all over Europe,
  England, and Ireland.
• By the mid 1000s, most Western Europeans were
  Catholic.

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Power of the Church

• Medieval Catholic Church helped govern Western
  Europe.
• The church had its own laws and courts. Ex
  Marriages, divorce.
• The church also had feudal ties, boosting its
  wealth.
• Many high ranking church officials were nobles

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Power of the Church (cont)

• Nobles began using their influence to receive
  high ranking church positions with little
  devotion.

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Which of the following most led to corruption in
the medieval Church?

• an increase in women working and active in church
  life
• poorly educated priests and illiterate
  congregations
• the Albigensians, who believed the world was evil
• nobles who appointed their own relatives, who had
  little devotion to their religious duties

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Church Reform

• By the 900s, many wanted to reform practices
  within the catholic church.
• Many wanted to take control of the church out the
  hands of Feudal Lords.
• In 1073, Pope Gregory III criticized lay
  investiture, the giving of church offices.

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Fighting Heresy

• Heresy The denial of basic church teachings.
• At first the church tried to convert heretics but
  failed.
• Excommunication was the punishment for heretics.

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The denial of basic church teachings is called

• lay investiture.
• heresy.
• excommunication.
• the Inquisition.

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The Inquisition

• This was a court set up to punish heretics, those
  brought before the court were urged to confess
  their heresy.
• Often the courts accused people with out
  sufficient proof.
• The church welcomed those back who confessed.
• Punishment ranged from imprisonment to loss of
  property to death.

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Friars Inspire Reform

• Friars were wandering preachers.
• At the time, church leaders were criticized for
  their wealth, friars depended on gifts and
  handouts to survive.
• The best known friars were Franciscans and
  Dominicans.
• Friars did not isolate themselves, rather they
  would stay in town and preach Christianity.

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The Jews

• As the power of the church increased, the
  position of the Jews worsened.
• Jews occupied positions as merchants, artisans
  and landowners.
• At first Jews and Christians got along but by the
  1000s Jews were viewed as tyrants and were
  unfairly blamed for the plague, famine, Jesus'
  death, etc.
• Anti-Semitism

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Rise of European Monarchy

• By the A.D. 1000s, many European Monarchs began
  to build strong states.

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England

• After the Romans, the British isles were invaded
  by Germanic tribes, Angels, Saxons, and Jutes.
• Alfred the Great and his unification of
  Anglo-Saxons, defeated the Vikings and changed
  the name to Angleland or England.

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The Anglo-Saxons

• Alfred the Great ruled the Anglo-Saxons (who were
  from England).

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The Norman Conquests

• One claimant to the Norman throne William the
  Conqueror invaded England from N.W. France.
• This is known as the Battle of Hastings in 1066.
• William defeated the English ruler and became the
  King of England
• With the rise of William, Englands racial makeup
  becomes mixed to a greater degree

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Which of the following best describes the people
who made up England by the year A.D. 1100?

• a pure and single people, who were unmistakably
  English
• a united and patriotic people, who believed in
  their kings
• a mixture of people from Celtic, Germanic, and
  French backgrounds
• a predominantly middle-class people, who had
  their own Parliament

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Royal Power

• Henry II, the great-grandson of William the
  Conqueror, set up a system of common law.
• Traveling judges applied laws equally throughout
  the land.
• This began a tradition of precedent (laws based
  on preceding judgments) in western law

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Domesday Book

• (add info)
• The first census in Western Europe
• Why?
• To determine taxable wealth
• All people, property, and animals were recorded.
• NOT Doomsday Book

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The contents of the Domesday Book detailed the

• end of the world.
• history of England.
• English political system.
• people, property, and animals in England.

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The Magna Charta

• Signed in 1215, by King John.
• This is one of the most important documents in
  representative government.
• The Magna Charta places clear limits on Royal
  Power.
• The charter prevented the king from collecting
  without the consent of the Great Council.

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Primarily intended to protect feudal rights, the
Magna Charta eventually

• gave the king freedom to tax nobles without their
  consent.
• eliminated the power of the monarchy.
• guaranteed the rights of all English people.
• placed all governing authority with the House of
  Commons.

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Rise of Parliament

• During the reign of King John, an increase in
  population encouraged the growth of towns.
• A growing middle class did not fit in with the
  existing social order.
• In 1295, a model parliament was called into
  session.
• By 1400, Parliament had divided into two houses.

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France

• Like England, France developed a strong monarchy
  in the middle ages.

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Beginnings of Central Government

• After Charlemagnes death, Frankish lands
  disintegrated into separate territories ruled by
  feudal lords.
• The monarchy brought feudal lords under their
  control
• As in England, the number of towns increased
  during the 1100s.

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Strengthening the Monarchy

• In 1180, Philip Augustus came to French throne.
• During his reign, Philip Augustus doubled the
  area of the French kingdom.
• Philips strengthened the power of the monarchy
  and weakened the power of feudal lords.
• He did this by gaining territory through marriage
  and recapturing French lands from England.

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The French king who strengthened the monarchy
during the period A.D. 1180 to A.D. 1223 was

• Louis IX.
• Louis VI.
• Philip Augustus.
• Otto the Great.

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Holy Roman Empire

• After Charlemagnes death, the Holy Roman Empire
  was ruled by a series of weak kings.
• In 962, Pope John XII crowned Otto I of Germany
  Holy Roman Emperor.
• The Holy Empire would exist along of the Monarchy
  of England and France

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Medieval Europe at its Height

• Chapter 13

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The Crusades
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The Crusades

• Life in the early Middle Ages was characterized
  by decentralized govt, warfare, cultural
  isolation, famine, and wretched living
  conditions.
• By 1100 A.D. Some conditions in Europe had
  improved.
• The transformation of medieval society began with
  a holy war over the city of Jerusalem.

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Call for a Crusade

• The city of Jerusalem was a holy city for three
  religions.
• When Jerusalem and Palestine fell to the Arabs in
  the 600s A.D., Christians began a quest to get
  it back.

• First Crusade
• Second Crusade
• Third Crusade

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First Crusade

• The First Crusade marked the onset of a long
  period of Christian persecution of Jews.
• Three armies of crusaders knights traveled to the
  eastern Mediterranean.
• Very successful

98
Second Crusade

• The Second Crusade, launched in 1147 A.D. after
  the Seljuk Turks conquered part of the crusader
  state in Palestine
• was unsuccessful.

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Third Crusade

• The Third Crusade was launched by the kings of
  Germany, France, and England.
• The Third Crusade was also unsuccessful

100
Effects of the Crusades

• Although western Europeans failed to gain control
  of Palestine, the Crusades helped break down
  feudalism and increase the authority of Kings.
• The Crusades led to less isolation for W. Europe,
  more contact between Europe and the Muslims, and
  increased demand for luxury goods.

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Economic and Cultural Revival

• The crusades accelerated the transformation of
  Western Europe from backward, crude, and violent
  to a civilization that exhibited remnants of
  modern western civilization.
• Expanding opportunities in trade encouraged the
  growth of towns.
• A lively atmosphere stimulated innovation and
  thought.

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Economic Expansion

• During this period many advances were made in
  agriculture.
• Better and more efficient tools were used,
  speeding up the production of agricultural goods.
• The increase in agricultural production caused
  expansion in new trade and growth of towns.goods
  such as spices,silk and silver were more abundant
  due to increased trade.

103
Agricultural Advances

• The invention of heavier plows made farming more
  efficient.
• New plows made it easier to clear land for
  farming.
• New collar harness allowed horses to pull plows
  at a faster pace

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Expansion of Trade

• Revival of towns increased trade.
• Sea lanes and river routes increased trade.
• Italian towns of Venice, Pisa, and Genoa
  controlled Mediterranean trade

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Banking

• At first, the barter system was used for trade.
• Some luxury goods could only be bought with
  money, so a common medium of exchange was needed.
• With the rise of money, money changers (banks)
  were needed.

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The Growth of Towns

• The number of towns grew tremendously in the late
  middle ages.
• Many towns grew next to roads, and had a wall for
  protection.
• Medieval towns had no sanitation, causing
  diseases to spread.

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Craft Guilds (Unions)

• These unions regulated the work of its members.
• In the 1100s, merchants and artisans organized
  into unions called guilds

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Rise of the Middle Class

• Medieval towns created a new class of people.
• Bourgeoisie middle class made up of merchants,
  bankers, and artisans who didnt have to rely on
  land for income

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Education

• During the early middle ages most people were
  illiterate.
• Education was controlled by the clergy, most of
  the educated were preparing for a church
  position.
• The growth of towns called for more education

111
Universities

• By the 1200s universities had spread through
  Europe.
• Universities usually specialized in law,
  medicine, liberal arts, and theology.

112
New Learning

• European contact with Islamic scientific thought
  sparked an interest in the physical world that
  eventually led to the rise of western science.
• A.D. 1200s, Thomas Aquinas wrote Summa
  Theologica which provided answers to
  philosophical religious questions.
• The Catholic Church would accept this way of
  thinking

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Thomas Aquinas
114
Medieval Art and Literature

• The spread of universities stimulated peoples in
  interest in art and literature.
• A medieval romance could be described as a story
  about knights and ladies.
• Buildings that had large, heavy arches were
  called Romanesque.

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The Hundred Years War

• This was a series of conflicts between England
  and France over French lands.
• War began when Englands Edward III laid claim to
  the French throne.
• One of the last victories for the English and a
  low point for the French was the Battle of
  Agincourt.
• England wanted to keep French lands inherited
  from the Normans

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Major Battles

• At first the English were victorious at Crecy and
  again Agincourt.

118
Joan of Arc

• The French were at a low point when a young woman
  brought about change.
• She told the King that heavenly voices had called
  her to save France.
• With the kings support she inspired victory at
  Orleans.
• Unfortunately, Joan was captured and burned at
  the stake for witchcraft by the English.

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France

• During the 1400s, Frances monarchy gained
  prestige.
• Monarchs kept nobles under royal control.
• Promoted trade and agriculture.

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Spain

• In the late 1400s, Spain became a leading
  European power.
• Christians had been fighting the reconquest in N.
  Spain.
• By 1250, only Ft. Grenada in S. Spain, remained
  under Muslim control.

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Spain (cont)

• A.D. 1469, Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of
  Castile were married.
• The only group to survive Ferdinand and
  Isabellas rule were the Catholics.
• They wanted Spain to be Catholic.

123
Holy Roman Empire

• During the middle ages, H.R.E. was Europes
  largest political unit.
• The Holy Roman Emperor was elected by an
  assembly.
• Royal families governed provinces

124
Holy Roman Empire (cont)

• In the 1300s the papacy came under the influence
  of the French Monarchy.
• Pope Clement V, then moved the papal court from
  Rome to Avignon France.
• The pope did this because of wars that were going
  on Italy.

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Eastern Europe

• The Middle Ages saw kingdoms rise in E. Europe.
• The most well known are Poland and Hungary.

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War of the Roses

• During the Hundred years War.
• The house of Lancaster would win this war because
  of the defeat of Richard III.

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The Troubled Church

• During the Middle Ages the churchs authority and
  power gradually weakened.
• The churchs authority weakened because of
  powerful monarchs, a growing educated Middle
  Class, and simony.