Chapter 6: Learning

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Chapter 6 Learning
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Learning

• Relatively permanent change in behavior due to
  experience
• 1. Classical Conditioning Pairing
• 2. Operant Conditioning Consequence
• 3. Observational Learning Watching

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Classical Conditioning

• Ivan Pavlov we learn to associate two stimuli by
  pairing (experiments w/ dogs)

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Classical Conditioning

• Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Stimulus coming
  from the environment that naturally triggers a
  response (automatic)
• Unconditioned Response (UCR) Reflex to the UCS,
  unlearned/naturally/automatically
• Neutral Stimulus (NS) has no relationship to the
  UCS or UCR but later gains power to trigger the
  CR
• Conditioned Stimulus (CS) aka previously neutral
  stimulus, through pairing w/ UCS becomes learned
  triggers the CR
• Conditioned Response (CR) learned response to
  the conditioned stimulus

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Classical Conditioning Terminology
Acquisition The initial stage of learning
Elicited Brings out either automatically or
involuntarily Trial Pairing of the UCS NS
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Classical Conditioning of a Fear Response
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Processes in Classical Conditioning

• Extinction presenting the CS alone w/out UCS
  causing weakening/disappearance
• Spontaneous Recovery reappearance of behavior,
  after a period of no exposure
• Stimulus Generalization responding to similar
  stimuli
• Discrimination responding to only a specific
  stimuli

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Acquisition, Extinction Spontaneous Recovery
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Variations in Classical Conditioning

• Stimulus Contiguity occurring together in time
  and space
• Higher-Order Conditioning building on an already
  conditioned behavior, to associate another
  conditioned stimulus. (1st to sound, then to
  color)
• Renewal Effect if extinguished in another place,
  reappearance of the behavior if you return to the
  original environment

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Higher-order conditioning
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Classical Conditioning Behaviorism

• John B. Watson behavior learned through..
• Little Albert classically conditioned a baby to
  fear a white rat, then any small fluffy thing.
• UCS Generalization?
• UCR Discrimination?
• NS Reversible?
• CS
• CR

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Operant Conditioning

• Operant Conditioning learning that is controlled
  by consequences
• Edward L. Thorndike (1913)
• Law of Effect behaviors followed by favorable
  consequences become more likely vice versa
• Puzzle Box experiments w/ Cats taught escape
  learning

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Escape and avoidance learning
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Operant Conditioning

• B.F. Skinner (1953) principle of reinforcement
• Operant Chamber (Skinner Box) complex or
  voluntary behaviors controlled my a machine
• Emission of response voluntary
• Reinforcement Contingencies rules
• Cumulative Recorder graphs responses

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Skinner Box Cumulative Recorder
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Basic Processes in Operant Conditioning

• Acquisition first time you learn
• Shaping reinforcing behavior that is close too
  the desired goal
• Extinction weakening/disappearance of a response
  (no consequence
• Discriminative Stimuli cues that influence
  behavior (asking when in a good mood)

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Comparison of Basic Classical Operant
Conditioning
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Consequences that Strengthen Responses

• Primary Reinforcers
• Satisfy biological needs (needs)
• Secondary Reinforcers
• Conditioned reinforcement (wants)

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Schedules of Reinforcement

• Continuous reinforcement
• Intermittent (partial) reinforcement
• (leads to more resistance to extinction)
• Ratio schedules Based on Response
• Fixed Ratio
• Variable Ratio
• Interval schedules Based on Time
• Fixed Interval
• Variable Interval

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Schedules of Reinforcement
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ConsequencesReinforcement Punishment
Positive () Something Given Reinforcement Behavior Increases
Negative (-) Something Taken Punishment Behavior Decreases
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Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement
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Negative Reinforcement Punishment
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ConsequencesReinforcement Punishment

• Positive Reinforcement
• Negative Reinforcement
• Escape learning learn to end aversion
• Avoidance learning learn to prevent
• Positive Punishment
• Negative Punishment
• Problems with punishment

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New Operant Conditioning Ideas

• Conditioned Taste Aversion John Garcia,
  taste-nausea odder-nausea are impossible to
  prevent

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Conditioned Taste Aversion
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Observational Learning

• Albert Bandura Observational learning through
  modeling
• Models people who demonstrate the behavior
• 4 key processes
• attention
• retention
• reproduction
• motivation

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Observational learning