Europe 1300 - 1600

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Europe 1300 - 1600
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The Renaissance
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What was it?

• The Renaissance
• A rebirth of art and learning
• Lasts from approx. 1300 1600
• People wanted the good old days
• Classical Greece and Rome
• By doing so they invented new artistic styles and
  schools of thought
• Importance of the individual was key

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How it starts

• As Italian merchants profits increased and
  governments collected more taxes, funding for the
  visual and performing arts increased
• Even for the common man

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• Rich merchants drive the Renaissance
• The Medici of Florence
• Became rich and powerful through banking
• They support the arts as a way to demonstrate
  wealth and power

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What did they believe in?

• Humanism
• Focused on human potential and achievement
• Renewed interest in history, literature, and
  philosophy
• Secular (worldly)
• Living/thinking of this world rather than the
  afterlife.
• Supporting the arts
• Churches, merchants, and rich people put a lot of
  money into art.

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St. George Slays the Dragon
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A Revolution in Art

• The Middle Ages
• Not realistic looking
• Mostly religious
• TWO (2) dimensional

• The Renaissance
• Realistic style
• Lots of Greek and Roman scenes
• Use of perspective
• 3 dimensional appearance

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Leonardo, the ArtistFrom hisNotebooks of over
5000 pages (1508-1519)
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The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498 Geometry
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Refractory Convent of Santa Maria delle
Grazie Milan
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Renaissance Art in Northern Europe

• Should not be considered an appendage to Italian
  art.
• But, Italian influence was strong.
• Painting in OIL, developed in Flanders, was
  widely adopted in Italy.
• The differences between the two cultures
• Italy ? change was inspired by humanism with its
  emphasis on the revival of the values of
  classical antiquity.
• No. Europe ? change was driven by religious
  reform, the return to Christian values, and the
  revolt against the authority of the Church.
• More princes kings were patrons of artists.

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Van Eyck? The CrucifixionThe Last
Judgment ?1420-1425
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Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife(Wedding
Portrait) Jan Van Eyck1434
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Jan van Eyck - Giovanni Arnolfini His Wife
(details)
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Quentin Massys (1465-1530)

• Belonged to the humanist circle in Antwerp that
  included Erasmus.
• Influenced by da Vinci.
• Thomas More called him the renovator of the old
  art.
• The Ugly Dutchess, 1525-1530 ?

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HieronymusBoschThe Garden of Earthy
Delights1500
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HieronymusBoschThe Garden of Earthy
Delights(details)1500
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Bruegels, Niederlandisch Proverbs, 1559
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Bruegels, The Triumph of Death, 1562
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The Reformation
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• CORNELL NOTES TODAY PLEASE!

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Background

• By the 1100s the Catholic Church is the dominate
  force in Europe
• People begin to think that the church is corrupt.

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Specific Problems With the Church

• Catholic Church clergy (pope, bishops, priests,
  etc.) were
• Spending lots of
• Having kids
• Drinking and gambling

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Martin Luther (1483 1546)

• A monk/teacher in Germany
• In 1517 he decides to take action against clergy
  who were selling indulgences
• Reduced time in purgatory
• Some in the Catholic Church gave people the idea
  that this was a way to buy their place in heaven

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• Luther hates the idea of indulgences
• He writes 95 Theses attacking the practice and
  nails them to a church door on Oct 31, 1517

• Someone copied them and sent them to a printer
• Kicks off the REFORMATION
• Leads to churches that did not accept the Popes
  authority

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What was Luthers Deal?

• Luther realizes there are more problems with the
  Church than indulgences
• His three big ideas for change
• You can only get to heaven through faith
• NOT faith and good works
• All church teachings should be based on the Bible
• Not the word of the Pope
• All people with faith were equal
• No need for priests to interpret the Bible

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What helps the Reformation succeed?

• The printing press (Social)
• Spreads humanist and secular ideas
• Makes the church unhappy
• Some rulers begin to challenge Churchs authority
  (Political) HUGE IDEA!
• Most people at the time obey the Pope rather than
  their local ruler
• Merchants didnt like paying taxes to the
  Catholic Church in Rome (Economic)

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SO WHAT?

• Religious conflict helped to fuel social and
  political problems
• Witch Hunts
• Wars (30 Years War)

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Witch Hunts

• Witches supposedly made alliances with the devil
  for special powers
• Became a cause of unfortunate events
• Poor harvest, fires, sudden deaths, etc.
• 85 were women
• Usually older, widowed, poor, etc.
• No one to protect them
• Reflects the stress and strain of European
  society during the early modern period

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30 Years War

• Religious tension leads to wars between Roman
  Catholics and Protestants
• King of Spain tries to get England to come back
  to Catholicism in 1588
• Results in the Spanish Armada (England defeats a
  huge fleet of ships)
• 30 Years War (1618-1648)
• Holy Roman Emperor tried to force some of his
  subjects to be Catholic
• Mainly in Germany
• Involves most of Europe
• Most destructive war in Europe until the 20th
  century
• 1/3 of German population dies
• Leads rulers to seek diplomatic solutions to
  problems rather than war stronger more stable
  monarchies in the long run

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New Monarchies
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• In the long run
• Centralizing monarchs benefited most from the
  Reformation
• As the Holy Roman Empire falls apart, other
  monarchs increased revenue and authority to
  create powerful states.
• Also NO empires in Europe various regional
  states

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Constitutional States

• England
• Becomes a constitutional monarchy following the
  English Civil War (1642-1649)
• Over taxation of nobles (dont worry too much
  about it)
• Royalists (Charles I) vs Parliament (Oliver
  Cromwell)
• Parliament wins
• Charles I captured and executed
• Cromwell becomes a dictator
• Parliament restores the monarchy in 1660
• More of the same problems
• The Glorious Revolution
• King kicked out and power given to William and
  Mary
• But they had to agree to a Constitution
• Power is on Parliaments side

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Kenilworth Castle Destroyed by Cromwell in 1649
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Absolute Monarchy

• Based on the Divine Right of Kings
• Authority came from god only person they answer
  to
• King made ALL policy decisions and laws
• France is the best example of this philosophy
• Louis XIV

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The Sun King (Louis XIV)

• I am the state
• Built Versailles
• HUGE palace w/ outrageous standard of living
• Had the nobility live there too they exchanged
  living the high life for absolute rule of Louis
  XIV
• Louis and his advisors
• Maintained a huge army to enforce laws and to
  expand territory (wars)
• Promoted economic development
• Works in the short term but sets the stage for
  the eventual fall of the French Monarchy

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