Roots%20of%20Democracy

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Roots of Democracy

• World History

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Two Categories of Government

• Democracy Government by the people / Decisions
  made by the people
• Autocracy - Government by one person (King /
  Queen / Emperor / Pharaoh)

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Decision MakingAutocratic or Democratic?

• Teacher decides there will be a test on Friday
• Group of Friends decide on which movie to go to
  by discussing three possible movies and voting on
  which one they want to see.
• Fast food Manager decides to give workers a
  dollar per hour raise

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Autocratic or Democratic?

• Parents listen to daughter complain about staying
  out late and decide to let child stay out 1 hour
  later.
• Parents allow all 3 children to choose (vote)
  what vacation to go on.
• Mayor, elected by citizens, decides to build a
  new city hall
• Citizens voted in favor of a city tax measure to
  increase funding to schools

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Autocratic Advantages

• Efficient
• Order
• Changes can Happen Quickly

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Autocratic Disadvantages

• Needs a Strong Leader
• Decisions may not be interest of everyone
• Too much power leads to corruption

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Democratic Advantages

• Everyone has a say
• Corruption more difficult
• Power too diffuse

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Democratic Disadvantages

• Messy, takes time
• Sometimes hard to make difficult decisions
• Need an Educated Citizenry

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Autocratic forms of Government

• Theocracy
• Monarchy
• Tyranny
• Oligarchy
• Aristocracy

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Democratic forms of Government

• Direct Democracy
• Republic
• Parliamentary System
• Constitutional Monarchy

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Anarchy

• Total Lack of Government (State of Nature)
• No Rules, No Leaders

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Democracy

• Rule by the masses/people
• No Leader All Decisions made by the community
• Created in ancient Athens
• True Democracies only work in small groups

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Republic

• Rule by Peoples Representative
• Created in Ancient Rome
• Senator Representative

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Theocracy

• Rule by Religion
• Leader The Priest or Main Religious Figure
• Examples Ancient Egypt, Modern Iran, Vatican
  City

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????????

• What would be some problems with having
  government based on a single religion?

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Monarchy

• Rule by a single leader, typically claims Divine
  Right

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Oligarchy

• Rule by a few individuals

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Aristocracy

• Rule by the Wealthy

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Athenian Democracy(Solon, Cliesthenese, and
Pericles)
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Athenian Democracy(Solon, Cleisthenese, and
Pericles)
Greek Leader Contribution to Democracy
Solon
Cliesthenese
Pericles
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Solon

• Outlawed Slavery
• 4 Classes based on Wealth not Heredity
• Only 3 Higher classes were able to hold public
  office
• Fairer code of laws
• Despite reforms Athens continued to be an
  autocracy

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Cleisthenese

• Reorganized Assembly
• Allowed all citizens to submit laws for debate
  and passage
• Created Council of 400
• Advised Assembly
• Seen as Founder of Greek Democracy

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Pericles

• Led Athens in Golden Age 461-429 B.C
• Established Direct Democracy
• Increased number of public officials
• Poorer citizens were able to participate

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Greek Philosophy

• Greek Thinkers Assumptions
• 1.Universe is orderly
• 2.People can understand order of universe
• Respect for Human Intelligence and Reason allowed
  Democracy to flourish

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Aristotle vs. Plato
Plato Aristotle
Major Works
Beliefs about Man
Beliefs about Government
Beliefs about democracy
Summary of Primary Source
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Plato

• The Republic
• Rule of Philosopher Kings
• Democracy Rule of the Appetites
• Aristocracy Rule of the Rich

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Aristotle

• Politics
• Man is by nature political
• Legitimate Government- common good
• Tyranny?, Democracy?
• Constitutional Government

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Roman Republic

• Roman Society was made of Plebians and Patricians
• Romes Republic
• Senate
• 2 Consuls
• Assembly
• Dictator

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Roman Law

• Twelve Tables step toward fair government
• Complied into Justinian Code
• government of laws not men

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Judaism

• Hebrews Monotheism
• -Created in Gods image, live moral lives
• - Divine Spark
• - God Given Rights, Freedom
• - 10 Commandments
• - Ethical vs. Legal Code

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Christianity

• Jesus of Nazareth
• - emphasized morality equality and compassion
• - spread of Judeo-Christian ideas through Roman
  Empire

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Islam/muslim

• Muhammad 600ce
• Allah
• Brotherhood and dignity of all people
• Charity
• Leaders have to obey same laws as those they ruled

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Legacy of Monotheism

• Duty to to combat oppression
• Worth of individual
• of people before God

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Renaissance

• Renewed interest in Classical Culture
• Humanism
• Italian vs. Northern Renaissance
• Spread of Ideas through Printing Press

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Leonardo Da Vinci
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Leonardo Da Vinci
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Leonardo Da Vinci
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Raphael Sanzio
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Francesco Petrarch
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Niccolo Machiavelli
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Albrecht Durer
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Jan Van Eyck
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Pieter Bruegel
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William Shakespeare
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Reformation

• Martin Luthers 95 Theses
• indulgences
• Individuality and freedom from Church
• Bible alone
• Faith alone
• Priesthood of all believers
• Englands Protestant Revolution
• Calvinism
• Catholic Reformation

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Legacy of Ren and Ref

• Growth of democracy by challenging monarchs and
  popes.
• Ind important

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Englands Medieval Democratic Developments

• Henry II
• Jury System
• Common law
• precedents
• King John-
• Magna Carta (Great Charter)
• Contract between King and Nobles
• Limited the power of the king
• Governance according to law-not anyway they
  choose
• Due Process of Law
• Consent of Governed (Parliament)
• Power of purse

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Englands Civil War

• King James I and Divine Right
• Star chamber-royal court

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James I r. 1603-1625
Is speech to the House of Commons I am
surprised that my ancestors should ever be
permitted such an institution (parliament)to come
into existence. I am a stranger, and found it
here when I arrived, so that I am obliged to put
up with what I cannot get rid of!
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King James Bible, 1611
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Charles I r. 1625-1649
Charles I and the Petition of Right

• Needs money to fight Scots
• Petition of Right
• No taxes w/o Parliament
• No imprisoning prisioners
• Housing troops in homes
• Maintaining military during peacetimes

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Charles I by Van Dyck (1633)
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The Many Faces of Charles I
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The Petition of Rights, 1628
The Stuart Magna Carta
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Civil War (1621-1649)
Royalists(Cavaliers)
Parliamentarians(Roundheads)

• House of Lords
• Aristocracy
• Large landowners
• Church officials
• More rural, less prosperous

• House of Commons
• Puritans
• Merchants
• Townspeople
• More urban , more prosperous

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The Beheading of Charles I, 1649
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Oliver Cromwell 1599-1658

• The Commonwealth (Republic)
• (1649-1653)
• The Protectorate(1654-1660)

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Englands Glorious Revolution

• Cromwell first establishes a commonwealth
• Cromwell tears up constitution and becomes Lord
  Protectorate
• Puritan Morality

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Oliver Cromwell 1599-1658The Interregnum
Period 1649-1660

• The Commonwealth (Republic)
• (1649-1653)
• The Protectorate(1654-1660)

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King Charles II r. 1660-1685

• Parliament retains power
• Restored the theaters and reopened the pubs and
  brothels closed during the Restoration.
• Favored religious toleration.
• Realized that he could not repeat the mistakes
  his father had made.
• Habeas Corpus

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King James II r. 1685-1688

• Was a bigoted convert to Catholicism without any
  of Charles IIs shrewdness or ability to
  compromise.
• Divine right
• Provoked the revolution that Charles II had
  succeeded in avoiding!
• Produces son

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The Glorious Revolution 1688

• Whig Tory leaders offered the throne jointly to
  James IIs daughter Mary raised a Protestant
  her husband, William of Orange.
• He was a vigorous enemy of Louis XIV.
• He was seen as a champion of the Protestant cause.

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English Bill of Rights 1689

• It settled all of the major issues between King
  Parliament.
• It served as a model for the U. S. Bill of
  Rights.
• It also formed a base for the steady expansion of
  civil liberties in the 18c and early 19c in
  England.

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English Bill of Rights 1689

• Main provisions
• The King could not suspend the operation of laws.
• The King could not interfere with the ordinary
  course of justice.
• No taxes levied or standard army maintained in
  peacetime without Parliaments consent.
• Freedom of speech in Parliament.
• Sessions of Parliament would be held frequently.
• Subjects had the right of bail, petition, and
  freedom from excessive fines and cruel and
  unusual punishment.
• The monarch must be a Protestant.
• Freedom from arbitrary arrest.
• Censorship of the press was dropped.
• Religious toleration.

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Legacy

• Rule of law
• Parliamentary rule
• Ind rights
• Constitutional monarchy

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The Age of Reason Enlightenment
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Enlightenment

• Bringing the light of knowledge to their ignorant
  fellow creatures.
• What is the meaning of life, God, human nature,
  good and evil, and cause and effect

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The Great Debate
Reason Logic
TraditionsandSuperstitions

• rationalism
• empiricism
• tolerance
• skepticism
• Deism

• nostalgia for the past
• organized religions
• irrationalism
• emotionalism