THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

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THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

• Toward the modern worldview

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Objectives

• How did the Scientific Revolution reflect the
  values and ideals of the Renaissance?
• Compare the Ptolemaic Universe and Copernican
  Universe.

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MAJOR FACTORS LEADING TO THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

• -rise of universities in the High Middle Ages
• -broadening of the curriculum to include the
  study of mathematics and the sciences
• -growing community of intellectuals
• pursuing knowledge
• Renaissance interest in the idea of
• human potential and progress

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• the recovery of ancient classical texts (math,
  science, and philosophy)
• Renaissance system of patronage allowed
  individuals to pursue scientific investigation
• Galileo was supported by the Medici family

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The Medieval Worldview Geocentrism
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Ptolemys Universe
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NICOLAUS COPERNICUS

• (1473-1543)
• -Polish astronomer
• challenged the astronomer, Ptolemys,
  complicated explanation of planetary movements
• proposed a sun centered solar system
  (heliocentric)
• planets and stars revolved around a fixed sun
• On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
• published in 1543

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THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTIONA SHIFT TO HELIOCENTRISM
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TYCHO BRAHE 1546-1601

• DANISH ASTRONOMER
• MADE DETAILED OBSERVATIONS OF THE STARS AND
  PLANETS
• USED THE VIEWS OF ARISTOTLE AND COPERNICUS
• PLANETS REVOLVED AROUND THE SUN
• SUN AND PLANETS REVOLVED AROUND THE EARTH AND MOON

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JOHANNAS KEPLER(1571-1630)

• -German astronomer- worked with Brahe
• -formulated the three laws of planetary motion
• -orbits of the planets are elliptical
• not circular
• -velocity of a planets orbit is not
• uniform
• -the time it takes a planet to orbit the sun is
• related to its distance from the sun
• -Kepler provided mathematical proofs
• for Copernicus heliocentric theory

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JOHANNAS KEPLER

• Renaissance values and ideas?

• Separating _____ and ________ from reality.

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Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

• -Italian philosopher and astronomer
• Medici family was a patron of his work
• -viewed the physical universe as a Book of
  Naturewritten in mathematical characters.
• Improved on the telescope (new invention)
• this allowed him to observe the motion of the
  planets and the surface of the sun and moon

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• Galileo came to accept Copernicus idea of a
  heliocentric universe
• based on his observations of Jupiter and its
  moons
• Dialogue- Galileos discussion of his ideas
  regarding helio-centrism
• It was not well received by the Church

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• -Galileos views were challenged by
• the Church
• Church feared that helio-centrism would undermine
  its authority and theology with humans being at
  the center of Gods universe
• This theology was based on the geo-centrism of
  Aristotle and Ptolemy

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• Galileo was brought before the Inquisition
• -His works were banned and teachings were
  condemned
• placed on the Index of Forbidden Books
• -he was threatened with torture and
  excommunication and placed under house arrest
• -Galileo recanted his views shortly before his
  death in 1642
• (the year Sir Isaac Newton was born)

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GALILEO EVIDENCE FOR HELIOCENTRICISM(OBSERVATION
S OF THE MOONS OF JUPITER)
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GALILEO OBSERVED JUPITER AND THE ROTATION OF ITS
MOONS
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THE DIALOGUE
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Galileo before the Inquisition
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The Newtonian Synthesis
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SIR ISAAC NEWTON
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Isaac Newton (1642-1723)

• -English mathematician Cambridge University
• -built on the work of Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler,
  and Galileo (Newtonian synthesis)
• -1686 formulated the mathematics for the
• universal law of gravitation
• (every physical body (object) in the universe
  exerts a force on every other body)
• -provided evidence that the universe was governed
  by precise mathematical relationships

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• -Newton was deeply Christian (theistic) in his
  thinking
• the physical order can be the effect of nothing
  else than the wisdom and skill of a powerful
  ever-living agent.
• -the science of Newton would lay the foundation
  for much of the science of the western world
  (Einsteins theories would later challenge some
  of Newtons notions of a mechanical universe)

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UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATIONNEWTONIAN
SYNTHESIS-RATIONAL PROOF FOR THE HELIOCENTRIC
MODEL
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NEWTONS LAW OF GRAVITY
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Newton also came to better understand the
properties of light
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SIR FRANCIS BACON EMPIRICISM (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)
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Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

• -English politician and writer
• (not a trained scientist)
• Believed that knowledge comes through observation
  and experimentation (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)
• We must allow the facts to speak for themselves
  and draw conclusions based on those facts
• (inductive reasoning-EMPIRICISM)
• Bacon proposed that an increase in knowledge
  would lead to powerful nations and an increase in
  personal wealth

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EMPIRICAL MODEL

• ALL KNOWLEDGE HAD TO BE EMPIRICALLY
  (SCIENTIFICALLY) VERIFIED TO BE VALID
• Science
• Data
• proof
• TRUTH CLAIMS NEEDED EMPIRICAL VERIFICATION

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INDUCTIVE MODEL
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RENE DESCARTES I think, therefore, I am.
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Rene Descartes 1596-1650

• French mathematician
• Invented analytical geometry
• Developed a scientific method based on rational
  deduction rather than empirical induction
• Stressed rational speculation and reflection
• Descartes believed that he could rationally prove
  the existence of God
• Begins by doubting everything
• Does not begin with faith

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DEDUCTIVE MODEL
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DESCARTES IDEAS IMPACTED THE WAY THE MODERN
WORLD WOULD COME TO LOOK AT KNOWLEDGE AND
TRUTH(CREATED A KIND OF DUALISM)

• SUBJECTIVE
• MIND
• INTUITION
• NOT OPEN TO EMPIRICAL OR MATHEMATICAL VERIFICATION

• OBJECTIVE
• PHYSICAL (MATTER)
• SCIENTIFIC
• MATHEMATICAL
• RATIONAL
• EMPIRICAL

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BLAISE PASCAL 1623-1662

• FRENCH MATHEMATICIAN AND PHILOSOPHER
• FIRST TO USE PROBABILITY THEORY
• DEVELOPED THE FUNDAMENTALS OF CALCULUS
• CHALLENGED WHETHER HUMAN REASON COULD REALLY
  ADDRESS LIFES GREATEST QUESTIONS.
• DEEPLY CHRISTIAN THINKER

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PENSEES

• COMPILATION OF PASCALS REFLECTIONS ON CHRISTIAN
  TRUTH
• COMPILED AFTER HIS DEATH
• MOST WELL KNOWN LITERARY WORK

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PASCALS WAGER

• PASCAL USED A MATHEMATICAL ANALOGY TO EXPLAIN HIS
  FAITH IN GOD
• BELIEVED THAT ONE HAD TO TAKE A LEAP OF FAITH
  TOWARD GOD
• WE HAVE TO WAGER THAT GODS REVELATION IS TRUE
  AND REAL
• IF ONE WINS THE WAGER WE GAIN EVERYTHING
• LOSE THE WAGER- WE LOSE NOTHING

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PASCAL

• PASCAL BELIEVED THAT LOGIC AND REASON COULD NOT
  BRING ONE TO ULTIMATE CERTAINTY
• CHALLENGED DESCARTES CONFIDENCE IN REASON AS THE
  PATH TO TRUTH (GOD)
• STRESSED THE REASON OF THE HEART OVER PURE
  REASON AND LOGIC

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PASCALS CALCULATING MACHINE
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THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION WOULD IMPACT THE
DEVELOPMENT OF TWO 18TH CENTURY MOVEMENTSTHE
ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE INDUSTIRAL REVOLUTION