Title: The Scientific Revolution
1The Scientific Revolution The Renaissance
inspired curiosity in many fields and carried
over to the science world
2geocentric- the earth is the center of the solar
system. (churchs view) heliocentric- the sun is
the center of the solar system Nicolaus
Copernicus- Polish astronomer who found that the
sun was the center. He did not publish his
findings out of fear and ridicule until the last
year of his life. Johannes Kepler- discovered
laws of planetary motion and agreed heliocentric
and added that the planets moved in ellipses
(oval paths) around the sun.
3Galileo Galilei
- Italian scientist mathematician
- Discovered the law of the pendulum
- Built his own telescope
- The Catholic church warned Galileo not to defend
ideas of Copernicus. - went to trial where he took back everything he
had said. He publicly stated that Copernicus was
wrong. He lived under house arrest the rest of
his life.
4- The Scientific Method- procedure for gathering
testing ideas. - Question comes from Observation
- Form a hypothesis
- Experiment
- Analyze and Interpret data
- Conclusion- confirms or disproves the observation
- Francis Bacon- English writer and scientist who
came up with the Scientific Method
5- Rene Descartes- French philosopher
mathematician developed analytical geometry and
believed in using logic and math to solve
problems. Believed that everything should be
doubted until proven with reason. - QUOTE 1 I think, therefore I am
- Isaac Newton- English scientist who came up with
the theory of gravity. wrote Mathematical
Principles of Natural Philosophy - QUOTE 2 If I have seen further than others it
is by standing upon the shoulders of giants
6- Scientific Instruments, Medicine, the Human
body - Zacharias Jannsen- The first microscope
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek- used microscope to observe
bacteria - Gabriel Fahrenheit- Dutch physicist made
thermometer using mercury in a glass showed
freezing at 32 degrees - Anders Celsius- created a new thermometer that
showed freezing at 0 - Andreas Vesalius- dissected human corpses and
published observations with detailed drawings. - William Harvey- showed blood circulated through
the body and understood the function of the heart
blood vessels. - Edward Jenner- British physician introduced the
vaccine to prevent smallpox
7- Discoveries in Chemistry
- Robert Boyle- the founder of modern Chemistry. He
used the Scientific Method in chemistry. Boyles
law- how the volume, temperature, pressure of a
gas affect each other. - Joseph Priestly- chemist who separated one pure
gas from air. (his invention led to carbonated
drinks) - Antoine Lavoisier- French chemist discovered
oxygen
8The Enlightenment The Age of Reason
- The Scientific Revolution applied reason and
scientific method to government, society,
religion, economics, education. - Paris- the center of the Enlightenment
9- Thomas Hobbes- English philosopher idea of a
social contract He believed the best form of
government was an absolute monarchy. (could
impose order demand obedience) - John Locke- English philosopher who disagreed
with Hobbes. Thought people could govern
themselves. believed in natural rights (life,
liberty, property) He said that if a
government fails to protect those, citizens have
the right to overthrow. Two Treatises on
Government foundation for modern democracy
The idea of power in the people and the right to
rebel was used in the American Revolution.
10- Philosophes- social critics in France who
discussed - Reason
- Nature
- Happiness
- Progress
- Liberty
- Francois Marie Arouet Voltaire- French
philosophe who published over 70 books on
politics, philosophy, history, fiction, drama.
Wrote satires and criticized the clergy,
aristocracy, government. He was sent to prison
and exiled to England. He never stopped fighting
for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion,
freedom of speech. - QUOTE 3 I disapprove of what you say but
will defend to the death your right to say it
11- Baron de Montesquieu- influential French writer
studied Roman history. separation of powers-
would keep any individual or group from gaining
total control of the govt. checks and balances-
On the Spirit of Laws His beliefs were the
foundation for the American Constitution. - Jean Jacques Rousseau- disagreed with most other
Enlightenment thinkers. Believed that people
were born good society made them evil. believed
in the social contract but as an agreement
between people and their government. He
believed in direct democracy. His ideas inspired
leaders of the French Revolution.
12- Beccaria- Italian philosopher who exposed the
abuses of the justice system. Wanted to abolish
capital punishment. - The philosophes challenged thoughts about
government and society but took a traditional
approach to the role of women. - Mary Wollstonecraft- considered the 1st feminist.
Author of Vindication of the Rights of Woman
she argued for womens rights and the right to
participate in govt.
13The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas
- salons- social gatherings attended by
philosophers, artists, scientists, and other
intellects. - Denis Diderot- French author of the Encyclopedie.
It was banned by the church. - The salons and the encyclopedie helped educate
people all over Europe.
14Baroque
- Grand and ornate style
- Elaborate palaces such as Versailles
Classical- The Enlightenment ideals of order and
reason were reflected in the arts, music,
literature, painting, and architecture.