The Immune System

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The Immune System
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Disease Transmission

• Robert Kochfather of disease, came up with
  first procedure for identifying the pathogens
  responsible for a disease.
• -Worked with anthrax
• -Kochs Postulates rules for determining the
  cause of the disease

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Human Diseases and How They Are Transmitted

• AIDS HIV Intercourse, contaminated
  syringes
• Common Cold many viruses air, person to person
• Malaria protozoan parasites mosquitoes
• Measles paramyxovirus air, person to person
• Botulism Clostridium botulinum contaminated food

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Invaders to the Body

• Pathogens foreign particles
• Ex. Viruses bacteria
• Multiply in the body to cause infection
• Come into contact with the body by
• Air
• Food
• Water
• Person-to-person contact
• Animal bites

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NonSpecific Defenses...First Line of Defense

• Skin prevents entry
• Oil traps and kills invaders
• Mucous/tears/saliva wash, trap, and kill
• Mucous/saliva swallowed stomach acid kills
• Ear wax traps
• Hair/Cilia - traps

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NonSpecific Defenses...Second Line of Defense

• If a pathogen penetrates the first line of
  defense...
• 1. Inflammatory Response
• -Histamine released (Increases blood flow to site
  of injury/infection can cause redness, swelling,
  warmth, and pain)
• -White Blood Cells (Phagocytes)
• Attack/ingest foreign particles
• Neutrophils Macrophages
• Natural Killer Cells

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• 2. Interferon
• protein that inhibits reproduction of viruses
• 3. Fever
• sign body is responding to infection
• suppresses growth and reproduction
• promotes action of white blood cells

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Specific Defenses...The Immune System

• 1. Bone Marrow
• -Produces white blood cells (lymphocytes)
• -Two types B cells T cells (thymus)
• 2. Thymus
• -Place of maturation of white blood cells
• 3. Lymph Lymph Nodes
• -Filter pathogens, lymphocytes
• 4. Spleen
• -Filters pathogens from blood

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• Tonsils Adenoids
• -Contain lymphocytes which are important for
  antibody production.

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The Immune Response..two pronged attack!

• Begins with Recognition of an Antigen
  (pathogen).
• -differing response based upon surface
  proteins on the antigen.
• 1. Cell-Mediated
• 2. Humoral

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• 1. Cell-Mediated Immune Response
• -T cells (cytotoxic suppressor)
• -destroy infected cells
• -shut down response after pathogens are cleared
• 2. Humoral Immune Response
• -B cells change into plasma cells and produce
  antibodies.
• Antibodies chemicals that binds to antigen to
  disable the pathogen (block reproduction).
• -Antigen specific
• -Stores antibodies for the future use

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• Primary Immune Response
• -first time the body encounters an antigen.
• Secondary Immune Response
• -Response of memory cells to an infection by a
  former pathogen.

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Additional Specific Defenses

• Immunity (survival or vaccination)
• Allergies
• Autoimmune Diseases- immune system attacks your
  own body cells. (MS,
• type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis)

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AIDS

• AIDS is a disease in which the immune system
  loses its ability to fight off pathogens and
  cancers.
• Caused by the HIV virus
• Transmitted by the transfer of body fluids
  needles.