Pavlovian (Classical) Conditioning

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Pavlovian (Classical) Conditioning
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Example Bell and Food
CS bell US food UR salivation
CR salivation
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Central Players
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Initially potent Initially elicits a response
(inside or outside)
Positive Emotion (inside and hidden)
Food US
Salivation (outside and observable)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Initially neutral Does not initially trigger
same response as does the US
Lights, sounds, tastes, odors, etc.
After pairings with the US, elicits a conditioned
response
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Early Experiments

• Stefan Wolfsohn
• Dog learns to salivate at the sight of sand
  before it is placed in the dogs mouth
• Anton Snarsky
• Dog learns to salivate at the sight of black
  liquid (acid) before it is placed in the dogs
  mouth (Pavlovs interpretation higher
  thinking!)

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1.What are the CS and US?

• A pigeon pecks a light that signals the
  presentation of food

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Autoshaping (Sign Tracking)
When a localized CS and a pleasurable US are
paired, a CR is sometimes directed at the CS.
Pigeons
key light CS ? food US
CR peck key light CS
Rats
insert lever CS ? food US
CR lick lever
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Not Reward (Instrumental) Learning

• Long-box autoshaping
• Omission training

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Form of the CR in Sign Tracking
US Water (note the closed beak)
US Food (note the open beak)
video
From Jenkins Moore, 1973
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Conclusions

• 1. Conditioned behaviour is evoked by the CS,
  it is not chosen by the organism
• 2. The situation, species, and procedures used
  can affect whether animals approach the CS or the
  US in appetitive conditioning.

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2. What are the CS and US?

• An addict goes into severe withdrawal after
  seeing the dealers door

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Drug Conditioning Trial 1
Pre-Drug CSs
Drug US
Dealer, copping corner, corner syringes, needles,
cotton balls, lighters, rubber tying-off cords
and stainless-steel spoons
Euphoria
heroin
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Trial 2
Pre-Drug CSs
Pre-Drug CSs
Drug US
Dealer, copping corner, corner syringes, needles,
cotton balls, lighters, rubber tying-off cords
and stainless-steel spoons
Euphoria
Compensatory Response
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Trial 10
Pre-Drug CSs
Drug US
Dealer, copping corner, corner syringes, needles,
cotton balls, lighters, rubber tying-off cords
and stainless-steel spoons
Euphoria
Compensatory Response
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Overdose and Death
New Context
Compensatory Response
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Opioids and Pain Tolerance
Opioid administration
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Opiate Addiction

• Administration

• Withdrawal

• Hyperthermia
• Decreased Blood Pressure
• Skin Flushed and Warm
• Meiosis
• Drying of Secretions
• Respiratory Depression
• Antitussive
• Relaxation

• Hypothermia
• Increased Blood Pressure
• Chilliness and Gooseflesh
• Mydriasis
• Lacrimination
• Yawning and Panting
• Sneezing
• Restlessness

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Some Controlled Experiments

• Mor-ROOM/Sal-CAGE
• Morphine in a distinctive room
• Saline in the home cage
• Mor-CAGE/Sal-ROOM
• morphine in the home cage
• saline in a distinctive room
• Saline
• saline in both environments

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Test No morphine in the distinctive room
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Conditioning Trials

• Acquisition curve
• Non-linear
• Asymptote

asymptote
CR Strength
Conditioning Trials
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Conditioning Occurs Over Trials
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Extinction
Strength of CR
CSUS
CS alone
Trials/Time
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Extinction of Tolerance
Group Extinction (M-P-M) 6 E-M 6
E-P Test E-M? Group No Extinction
(M-rest-M) 6 E-M Rest in home Cage
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Extingished animals (tolerance is undone)
Rested animals show a CR (more tolerant)
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Discrimination Absence of pre-drug CSs
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Heroin Overdose Death Rates
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Conclusions

• 3. Conditioned responses can be compensatory,
  bringing the organism back to homeostasis