3. What are the CS and US?

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3. What are the CS and US?
(tone)
(shock)
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After one or two pairings
(CS)
(CRs)
Blood pressure Heart Rate Stress
Hormones Hypoalgesia
Freezing
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Conditioned Suppression
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Suppression Ratio
a responses during the CS
b responses prior to the CS
a (a b)
On first Tone-Shock trial a 30 b 30.
30/(3030) 0.50
After 10 Tone-Shock trials a 3 b 20.
3/(320) 0.13
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Rayner with Little Albert
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Conclusions

• 4. Effects of CS-US pairings can be measured
  directly or indirectly by their effects on
  another behavior

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4. What are the CS and US?
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Paired versus Unpaired
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Conclusions

• 5. Effects of CS-US pairings must be compared to
  a proper control group

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5. What are the CS and US?
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Age-Related Decline Why?
No Age Differences In Eye-Blink
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Deficits Appear in Middle Age
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Good vs. Bad Conditioners
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H.M. is good
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Lower Brain VolumeAlzheimers!
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Cognitive Enhancers
Rabbit Data
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Conclusions

• 6. Conditioning experiments have value as a
  diagnostic tool

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6. What are the CS and US?
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Rabbit Eyelid
Taste Aversion
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Conclusions

• 1. Conditioned behaviour is evoked by the CS,
  it is not chosen by the organism Reminder
• 7. What constitutes a pairing depends on the
  response system (no optimal ISI)

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7. What are the CS and US?
Blue Gouramis
Highly Territorial But Needs to Mate
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Conclusions

• 8. Pavlovian Conditioning has can have adaptive
  value

Darwins Finches
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What determines the form of the CR?

• Stimulus Substitution
• Conditioned Opponent
• Behavior Systems

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Stimulus Substitution (the CS takes the place of
the US)

• Pavlov UR Salivation, CR Salivation
• Cocaine UR Activity, CR Activity
• Cyclophosamide UR CR immune suppression.
• Autoshaping CR for water Closed beak, CR for
  grain Open beak

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However

• Fear conditioning CR freezing, UR activity
• CS can determine form of CR Lever licked, UR
  eat pellet

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Form of CR depends on CS
CR sniff, social contact, approach
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However

• Fear conditioning CR freezing, UR activity
• CS can determine form of CR
• Interval between CS and US also matters
• Long delay General search CR
• Short delay Focal search CR

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Timberlake Behavior Systems Theory

• The CS and US engage the same behavior system
  e.g., appetitive, sexual, defensive
• The form of the CR depends on the length of the
  delay between CS and US.
• Overt CR is flexible depends on situation

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Increased General Activity
Increased Activity at US site
Sexual Arousal