Kingdom

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Kingdom Plantae ???

• without flowers / fruits with flowers /
  fruits
• (Non-flowering Plants) Phylum
  Angiospermophyta
• 
  ????
• 
  (angiosperms)
• without seeds
  with seeds
• Phylum
  Coniferophyta ????
• 
  (conifers/gymnosperms)
  
• 
  
• without with
• vascular tissues vascular
  tissues (?????)
• Phylum Bryophyta Phylum Filicinophyta
• (mosses) ?
  (ferns) ?

2
Phylum Mosses e.g. Polytrichum

• Habitat (???) damp / moist ( ??),
• shady(??) and
  cool habitat.
• Features
• Less efficient water conservation / uptake
• (???????)
• 1. Gametophytes have no cuticle (???), water and
  
• nutrients (??) diffuse (??) rapidly in and
  out.
• 2. No true root / have only rhizoids, (????,?
• ???), water uptake is less efficient (??????
• ?)
• 3. Gametophytes grow tightly in form of a mat for
  
• water retention. (??????????????
• ????)

3
Mosses (?)
??
???
??
????????
???
??
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Phylum Mosses e.g. Polytrichum

• Water necessary for reproduction
•  
• Male gametes (???) are motile (???), a water
  medium is necessary for their movement to female
  gamete to carry out fertilization to complete the
  life cycle. (?????????????????)
•  

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Phylum Mosses e.g. Polytrichum

• External features of mosses
• 1. Gametophyte has leaves with chlorophyll to
• absorb light for photosynthesis.
• 2. Gametophyte has rhizoids (??) for water
  absorption.
• 3. Sporophyte has a small amount of chlorophyll
  for photosynthesis and is partially dependent on
  gametophyte for food (??????????).
• 4. Sporophyte has foot (??) to absorb food
  and water from the gametophyte.
• 5. Sporophyte has capsule (??)which contains
  spores (??) for reproduction.

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• 6. The capsule of sporophyte is elevated by
  elongation of seta and the hygroscopic nature of
  peristome requires a dry atmosphere for
  liberation and dispersal of spores. It shows
  full adaptation to disperse the spores in dry
  conditions.
• ??????,?????????,?????????,???????????????
• ?????????,???????

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Ferns
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Ferns (????)

• a. Habitat open areas, hillside / roadside /
  walls
• B. Features
• For water conservation / uptake
• 1. Frond (??) has hairy cuticle (??????).
• 2. True roots (adventitious root ???) for water
  uptake and vascular tissues (????) to conduct
  (??) water ? stand drier areas (??????).
• Water necessary for reproduction
• 1. Male gametes (???) are motile (???), a water
  medium is necessary for their movement to female
  gamete to carry out fertilization to complete the
  life cycle. (?????????????????)

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External features of ferns

• 1. Fronds have chlorophyll
• 2. Fronds have hairy cuticle
• 3. True roots and vascular tissue
• 4. Sorus / sori (????) on lower surface of frond.
• 5. Annulus (??) and stomium (??)
• of sporangia (???) favours spore
• dispersal in dry atmosphere.

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Gymnosperm (????)

• Habitat Open dry areas, hillside
• No flowers and fruits, with seeds
• Green leaves
• Leaves needle-shaped (??) /
• scale- like (???)
• Leaves with thick cuticle(????)
• Cones (??) for reproduction.
• Roots

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Gymnosperm
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Male cone
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Female cone
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Mature female cones seed
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Xerophytic features of Pinus leaf (????????)

• 1. Thick cuticle
• 2. Transverse section (???) of leaf is
  semi-circular (???)
• 3. Sunkened stomata (????) trap water vapour
• Resin ??

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Angiosperms / flowering plants) ????

• 1. Flowers
• 2. Fruits
• 3. Roots
• 4. Green leaves
• 5. Leaves with cuticle
• 6. Leaves with midrib (??)
• Divided into two groups Monocotyledonous plant
  (?????) and dicotyledonous plants (?????)
• Monocot are herbaceous plants (????) Dicot are
  herbaceous or woody (???)

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