BIOCHEMISTRY

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BIOCHEMISTRY
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• ½ cup of CHEX MIX contains 13 g of carbs 4
  daily value.
• How much more can you have the rest of the day???
• _4_ 13
• 100 X
• X 325 g

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• These spinach imposters contain less than 2
  percent of spinach powder seasoning. Yum! And
  the wraps green color? Courtesy of food dyes
  yellow 5 and blue 1. 
• When was the last time you saw a flowering field
  of disodium phosphate? Or how about a fresh crop
  of maltodextrin? Didnt think so. These cheese
  puffs consist largely of corn, but theyve been
  processed to the point that no 20th-century
  farmer would ever recognize them as food.

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• In the short run, food choices make a difference.
  For example, a diet thats low in irontypical
  among teenage girlsmay result in anemia, which
  causes paleness and a tired feeling. A teenage
  athlete who cuts back on calories to trim down
  may not have enough energy for peak performance.
  And eating more calories than you use often shows
  up as extra pounds of body fat.
• Ask students what snacks they often buy and if
  they look at the nutrition facts label. For those
  students that do look at the label, what do they
  look for when choosing a snack?
• Remember the largest amount of ingredients found
  in your product are listed on the label first and
  the smaller amounts in the bottom

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Carbon

• Can form large and complex structures
• Organic Chemistry - study of carbon componds

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Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds

• Organic Compounds Compounds that contain
  carbons.
• Lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates
• Inorganic Compounds Compounds that do NOT
  contain carbon.
• Salts, water, oxygen

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Macromolecules

• Macromolecules Giant molecules made from
  smaller molecules
• Formed by a process known as polymerization, in
  which large compounds are built by joining
  smaller ones together.
• The smaller units, or monomers, join together to
  form polymers.

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Organic Compounds

• Four groups found in living things are
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Nucleic Acids
• Proteins

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Carbohydrates (carbo carbon hydrate H20)

• Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
  atoms
• Ratio of 1 2 1.  

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Uses of Carbohydrates

• Living things use carbohydrates as
• Main source of energy (starches and sugars)
• Plants and some animals also use carbohydrates
  for structural purposes

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Uses of Carbohydrates

• Animals
• Store excess sugar in the form of glycogen
• Located/made in liver and muscles
• Plants
• Store excess sugar in the form of starch for
  energy
• Use tough, flexible cellulose fibers to give them
  their strength and rigidity
• Both
• Glucose is main energy source for cells

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Classification of Sugars

• Monosaccharides Single (simple) sugar molecules
• Examples Glucose, Galactose, Fructose
• Disaccharides Double sugar molecules
• Examples
• Glucose Fructose Sucrose
• Glucose Galactose Lactose
• Glucose Glucose Maltose
• Polysaccharides More than two monosaccharide
  molecules
• Examples Starch, Cellulose, Chitin, Glycogen

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Classification of Sugars
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Lipids

• Common categories of lipids are
• Fats
• Oils
• Waxes
• Functions
• Can be used to store energy
• Some lipids are important parts of biological
  membranes and waterproof coverings
• Can serve as chemical messengers (steroids only)
• Generally not soluble in water

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Structure of Lipids

• Made mostly from carbon and hydrogen and oxygen
  atoms
• Usually has relatively small amounts of oxygen
• Glycerol molecule 3 fatty acids (Triglycerides)

Steroid (4 rings)
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Saturated and Unsaturated Lipids

• Saturated - If each carbon atom in a lipid's
  fatty acid chains is joined to another carbon
  atom by a single bond.
• Saturated means it has the maximum possible
  number of hydrogen atoms
• Solid at room temperature
• Examples Cholesterol, butter, chocolate

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Saturated and Unsaturated Lipids

• Unsaturated- If there is at least one
  carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid.
• Liquid at room temperature
• Examples - Corn oil, sesame oil, canola oil,
  and peanut oil

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Protein

• Proteins - Macromolecules that contain nitrogen
  as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
• Made up of chains of amino acids folded into
  complex structures.
• Amino Acids - Compounds with an amino group
  (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on
  the other end.

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Amino Acids

• There are more than 20 different amino acids.
• Any amino acid may be joined to any other amino
  acid by bonding an amino group to a carboxyl
  group by dehydration synthesis.

When the length of a polypeptide (chain of aa)
is more than 100 aa the molecule is called a
protein
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Amino Acids

• There are more than 20 different amino acids.
• What distinguishes one amino acid from another is
  the R-group (functional group) section of the
  molecule.

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Functions of Proteins

• Each protein has a specific role.  
• Some proteins control the rate of reactions and
  regulate cell processes.
• Enzymes
• Some are used to form bones and muscles and
  tissues.
• Structurally collagen and keratin
• Others transport substances into or out of cells
  or help to fight disease.
• Antibodies
• Transport channels in the cell membrane

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Nucleic Acids

• Nucleic acids - Macromolecules containing
  hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and
  phosphorus.
• Made up of repeating units called nucleotides
• Each nucleotide contains
• 5-Carbon Sugar
• Phosphate Group
• Nitrogenous Base

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Nucleic Acids

• Function
• Store genetic information
• Transmit genetic information
• Two Kinds of Nucleic Acids
• Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
• Contains the sugar ribose
• Single stranded
• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
• Contains the sugar deoxyribose
• Double stranded

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Dehydration Synthesis

• Dehydration synthesis A chemical reaction that
  builds up molecules by losing water molecules.
• Used to put together monomers to build polymers.
• The dehydration part is the removal of water
• The synthesis part is the joining of the two
  smaller compounds to create one larger one
• TRICK There will always be one less water
  produced than the number of monomers joining
  together.
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vUyDnnD3fMaU

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Hydrolysis

• Hydrolysis The rupture of chemical bonds by the
  addition of water.
• Used to break down polymers into their monomers.
• http//www.goldiesroom.org/Shockwave_Pages/Make20
  and20Brake20Em.htm

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Chemical Reactions

• Chemical Reaction - A process that changes one
  set of chemicals into another set of chemicals.
• Always involve the breaking of bonds in reactants
  and the formation of new bonds in products.

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Chemical Reactions and Water

• Molecules cannot react chemically unless they are
  in solution, so virtually all chemical reactions
  in the body depend upon waters solvent
  properties.
• Most abundant inorganic compound in the body
  (accounts for 2/3 of body weight).

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Chemical Reactions

• Reactants - The elements or compounds that enter
  into a chemical reaction.
• Products - The elements or compounds produced by
  a chemical reaction.
• Na Cl ? NaCl

Reactants
Products
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Energy in Reactions

• Because chemical reactions involve breaking and
  forming bonds, they involve changes in energy.
• Will the chemical reaction occur?  
• Chemical reactions that release energy often
  occur spontaneously.
• Energy is released in the form of heat, light,
  and sound.
• Chemical reactions that absorb energy will not
  occur without a source of energy.
• Every organism must have a source of energy to
  carry out necessary chemical reactions.

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Organisms and Energy

• Plants
• Get their energy by trapping and storing the
  energy from sunlight in energy-rich compounds.
• Animals
• Get their energy when they consume plants or
  other animals.
• Release the energy needed to grow tall, to
  breathe, or to think through the chemical
  reactions that occur when humans metabolize, or
  break down, digested food.

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Activation Energy

• Activation Energy - The energy that is needed to
  get a reaction started.
• The peak of each graph represents the energy
  needed for the reaction to go forward.
• The difference between this required energy and
  the energy of the reactants is the activation
  energy.

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Catalysts

• Some chemical reactions that make life possible
  are too slow or have activation energies that are
  too high to make them practical for living tissue
  and cells.
• Catalyst - A substance that speeds up the rate of
  a chemical reaction by lowering a reactions
  activation energy.

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Enzymes

• Enzymes - Proteins that act as biological
  catalysts.
• Speed up chemical reactions that take place in
  cells. (by lowering activation energy)
• Very specific, generally catalyzing only one
  chemical reaction.
• Part of an enzyme's name is usually derived from
  the reaction it catalyzes.

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How Do Enzymes Work?

• Substrates - The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed
  reactions.
• The Enzyme-Substrate Complex 
• Enzymes provide a site where reactants can be
  brought together to react.
• This site reduces the energy needed for reaction.
  
• Each protein has a specific, complex shape.
• Active Site The site on the enzyme where
  substrates bind.
• The active site and the substrates have
  complementary shapes, which is often compared to
  a lock and key model.

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Enzyme Substrate Complex
Active site
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Regulation of Enzyme Activity

• Enzymes can be affected by any variable that
  influences a chemical reaction such as
• pH
• Temperature
• Cells contain proteins that help to turn key
  enzymes on or off

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Animations to help explain

• http//www.lpscience.fatcow.com/jwanamaker/animati
  ons/Enzyme20activity.html