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Solutions: More Vocab

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Solutions: More Vocab 3 possible results: Crystal dissolves: Crystal sinks to bottom of solution: Bam! – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Solutions: More Vocab


1
SolutionsMore Vocab
2
Soluble
  • Soluble capable of being dissolved
  • A substance that dissolves in another substance
    is said to be soluble in that substance

3
Insoluble
  • A substance that does not dissolve in another
    substance

4
  • Solubility maximum amount substance that
    dissolves in given amount of another substance
  • LIMIT to amount solute that dissolves in given
    amount solvent
  • affected by temperature and pressure

5
  • Rate of dissolving is different from amount that
    will dissolve!
  • Rate is how fast
  • Amount is how much

6
Factors that affect the rate of dissolving
  • temperature
  • stirring or agitation
  • amount of surface area of solute
  • amount of solute already dissolved

7
Dissolving
  • Dissolving is physical change
  • Reminder all physical chemical changes
    accompanied by change in energy

8
  • dissolved covalent substances
  • produce molecules in solution
  • C6H12O6(s) H2O(l)? C6H12O6(aq)

9
dissolved ionic substances produce ions in
solution
NaCl(s)H2O(l) ? Na1(aq) Cl-1(aq)
10
Solvation
  • Interaction between solvent molecules solute
    particles
  • solute particles surrounded by solvent particles
    during dissolving process
  • Solute particles may be
  • ions
  • polar molecules
  • non-polar molecules
  • Solvent molecules may be
  • polar
  • non-polar

11
Hydration
  • describes solvent-solute interaction when
    solvent is water

12
Hydration of chloride ion Also called
molecule-ion interaction
13
Solute-solvent interaction must be greater than
interaction between solute particles
for dissolving to occur
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15
Solubility
  • amount solute dissolved in specific solvent at
    given TEMPERATURE and PRESSURE
  • units
  • grams solute per 100 grams solvent

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18
Vocabulary Interlude
  • Miscible two liquids that WILL MIX
  • together in any amounts
  • Water and ethanol are miscible in all proportions
  • Immiscible liquids that will NOT MIX
  • Oil and water are immiscible

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20
Types of Solutions
21
Electricity
  • What do you need to conduct electricity?

Mobile, positively charged particles!!!!
22
Vocabulary Interlude
  • Electrolyte
  • substance that dissolves in water to form
    solution that conducts electricity
  • ions in solution
  • Nonelectrolyte
  • substance that dissolves in water to form
    solution that does not conduct electricity
  • neutral molecules in solution

23
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24
Dilute vs. Concentrated
  • Concentrated
  • large amounts of solute
  • Dilute
  • small amounts of solute

25
Which solution is most dilute? The most
concentrated? How can you tell?
The stronger the color, the more concentrated the
solution
26
To dilute a Solution add MORE solvent
27
Which solution is more concentrated? More
dilute? What can you say about the of solute
particles in pictures b and c?
28
Unsaturated Solution
  • Less than maximum amount solute that will
    dissolve at given T and P

29
Saturated Solution
  • No more solute will dissolve at given T P
  • Solubility amount solute required to form
    saturated solution

30
The solution is saturated when the solute stops
dissolving
31
Dynamic Equilibrium in Saturated Solution
Microscopic level Rate dissolving Rate
recrystallization Macroscopic level No
apparent change
32
Supersaturated Solution
  • Contains more solute than saturated solution
  • VERY unstable
  • have to be clever to make these (need to use heat)

33
Testing for saturation
  • add additional crystal of solute into solution
    and see what happens

34
3 possible results
Unsaturated solution
  • Crystal dissolves
  • Crystal sinks to bottom of solution

  • Bam! Suddenly have
  • lots of solid
    solute
  • in beaker

Saturated solution
Supersaturated solution
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36
How do terms saturated, unsaturated
supersaturated fit in with the solubility
curves?
37
  • Saturated solns
  • any point on trace line
  • (max solute dissolved)
  • Supersaturated solns
  • all points above trace lines (more than max)
  • Unsaturated solutions
  • all points below trace lines (less than max)

38
Characterize points A, B, C, D with respect to
KNO3 trace line (dilute, concentrated,
saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated)
A,C concentrated supersaturated Bconcentrat
ed saturated
39
Solubility Graphs
  • Traces have positive or negative slopes
  • Most solids have positive slope
  • the hotter the water, the more solute dissolves
  • The colder the water, the less solute dissolves
  • All gases have negative slope
  • the hotter the water, the less gas dissolves
  • The colder the water, the more gas dissolves

40
Summary of Dissolving
  • Occurs at surface of solid
  • Interaction between solute solvent
  • Interaction called solvation
  • Interaction called hydration (if solvent is
    H2O)
  • Involves change in energy

41
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