APA Workshop

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APA Workshop

• Basics of APA Publication Style
• Power point revised by LueLinda Egbert, College
  of Southern Idaho

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What will be covered

• APA publication style what it is, why you need
  to know it
• Writing a research/term paper
• How to choose a topic
• Finding appropriate materials
• Organizing notes
• Creating outline and blocks
• Technical writing style (content)

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APA Publication Style 6th edition (Overview)

• Describes rules for preparation of manuscripts
  for writers and students in psychology,
  education, etc.
• However used in a majority of social sciences
• Grad school APA required for all assignments

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General Guidelines

• Use 8 ½ x 11 paper
• 1 margins all around
• 12 pt. Times-New Roman
• Double-spaced throughout paper
• Full tab (5 -7 spaces) at beginning of paragraphs

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Running head AUTOBIOGRAPHICA ESSAY

• Abbreviate title not to exceed 50 characters
• Running head (typed this way)
• TITLE (ALL IN CAPITAL LETTERS)
• Title page has the word Running head in the
  header with several spaces between the page
  number which is flushed right.
• This header will appear at top of all subsequent
  pages without Running head.

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Title Page

• All Centered, and in upper half of title page
• Title of the paper
• Your name and
• school affiliation
• Name and school on separate lines

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Running head AUTOBIOGRAHICAL 1(This
information above is in the header)

• Autobiographical Essay
• Doe, John
• Instructor Dr. Egbert
• EDUC 201 Foundations of Education, 100
• (This information is centered from left to right
  but located towards the upper half of your paper.)

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AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL
2(font size 12 in Times
new Roman)

• Abstract
• Center the word Abstract (no bold, formatting,
• italics, underlining, or quotation marks).
• Write a concise summary of the key points and
• purpose of your research. (Do not indent.)
• It is single paragraph double-spaced with no more
• than 150 words. Use active voice rather than
  passive.
• Content is double spaced like the rest of the
  paper.

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Chapter Schools in Idaho
3(font size 12
in Times new Roman)

• Full title here, centered and bold
• Begin your paper (with bold formatting, no
  italics,
• underlining, or quotation marks). Remember to
• indent five spaces. What is the thesis of your
  paper?
• Write a concise introduction explaining what you
  will
• talk about in your paper. Double space and make
  sure
• you have three sentences.

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In-text Citations

• Includes author(s) last name and date reference
  was published
• All in-text cites must correspond with
• reference list.
• If you
• Summarize facts and ideas using name, study, etc.
• Paraphrase a source
• Use exact wording
• You must cite the source!

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In text Citations

• Any facts or ideas acquired from outside sources
  must be cited even if you dont quote the
  source directly.
• Only exception is info that is common knowledge
  (i.e. Florida is a peninsula)

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Different Ways to Include Citations

• a. Parenthetically (end of sentence)
• The results were inconclusive (Jones, 1998).
• b. At beginning of sentence
• Jones (1998) compared student performance...
• Do not use quotes with 40 words or more instead,
  you will need to put the information in your own
  words.

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In-text Citations

• c. Within the sentence
• In 1998, Jones compared student performance
  . OR
• In 1998, Jones conducted a study of college
  students.
• D. When using quotes, include page number
• In 1998, Jones stated, teenagers are when in
  school (p. 212).

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Secondary Sources

• If you read a source in which the author refers
  to a different source, and you refer to that
  second source
• Indicate thus as cited in
• Only include second source in reference list
• Example Howard Gardner (as cited in Berns, 2010)
  was influential in education.

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Citing Secondary Source

• Howard Gardner (as cited in Berns, 2010) found
  that an estimated
• On reference page, the Berns reference would be
  listed, not the Howard Gardner reference.

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Reference

• Purpose So reader can easily find full
  publication info on any in-text citations.
• Begin a new page include page header w/ page
  number
• Type in the word Reference(s) centered
• First line will be flush left, next lines will be
  full tab incalled hanging indent (the first line
  hangs over the second line).

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What to Include

• Author(s) last name and initials
• Date work was published (year only)
• Title of work, and title of journal, newspaper,
  magazine, or book the work is included within.
• Issue and volume number, and pages
• Who and where published (book)

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Possible References

• Book
• Journal article (both one and multiple authors)
• Book with no author
• Newsletter
• Book chapter in edited book
• Electronic document

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Book Reference (w/edition number)

• Mitchell, T. R. Larson, J. R. (1991). People
  in organizations An introduction to
  organizational behavior (3rd ed.). New York
  McGraw-Hill.

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Book with no author or editor

• Merriam-Websters collegiate dictionary (10th
  ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA
  Merriam-Webster.
• Place title in author position.
• Alphabetize by the first significant word in
  title.
• In text, use first few words of title in place
  of author's name. (Merriam-Webster, 1993).

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Book chapter in Edited Book

• Bjork, R. A. (1999). Retrieval inhibition as an
  adaptive mechanism in human memory. In H. L.
  Roediger F. I. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of
  memory and conciousness (p. 309-315). Hillsdale,
  NJ Erlbaum.

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Journal Article(One or more authors)

• One author, with volume and issue
• Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative
  pleasure of consequences. Psychological
  Bulletin, 126(2), 910-924.

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Journal article/Book three to six authors

• Reference
• Saywitz, S. A., Mannarino, A. P., Cohen, J. A.
  (2000). Treatment for sexually abused children
  and adolescents. American Psychologist, 55,
  1040-1049.
• In-text Citation
• First time used in paper type (Parsons, Hinson,
  Sardo-Brown, 2008).
• If three or more authors than, type in et al.
  To cite this, only put first authors name and et
  al. (Parsons et al., 2000).

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Magazine Article

• Same concept as journal article, except add date
  shown on publication month for monthlies, or
  month and day for weeklies.
• Kandel, E. R. Squire, L. (1998, November 10).
  The study of mind and brain. Scientific
  American, 290, 113-120.

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Electronic Sources

• Internet articles based on a print source
• Vandenbos, S. A. (2001). Role of reference
  elements in the selection of resources by
  psychology students Electronic version.
  Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.

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Article in an internet-only journal

• Frederickson, H. J. (2000, March 7). Cultivating
  positive emotions to optimize health. Prevention
  Treatment, 3. Retrieved November 20, 2000,
  from http//journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pr
  e003ooo1a.html

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Stand alone document, no author identified, no
date

• GVUs 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.) Retrieved
  August 2, 2004, from http//www.cc.gatech.edu/user
  _surveys/survey-1997-10/
• To cite in-text, use short title and n.d.
• (GVUs 8th WWW user survey, n.d.).

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Charter Schools in Idaho
7References(Double space all lines
as shown here)

• Berns, R.M. (2007). Child, family, school,
  community Socialization and support (7th ed.).
  Belmont, CA Thomson Learning, Inc.
• Kauchak, D., Eggen, P., Carter, C. (2005).
  Introduction to teaching Becoming a
  professional (2nd ed.). Columbus, Ohio Merrill
  Prentice Hall.

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Continue.the word References is not bold,
underlined , or italicized

• Gargiulo, R.M. (2009) Special education in
  contemporary society (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks,
  CA Sage Publishing, Inc.
• Parsons, R.D., Hinson, S.L. Sardo-Brown, D.
  (2008). Educational psychology College of
  southern Idaho. Belmont, CA Thompson Learning,
  Inc.
• Schimmel, D., Fischer, L., Stellman, L. R.,
  (2008).
• What every educator should know Lewis and
  Clark College.
• Boston, MA Pearson Education, Inc.

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Writing a Research/Term Paper

• (Also referred to as a literature review
• in field of psychology)
• Choosing a Topic
• 1. Follow instructors guidelines for topic.
• 2. Decide on a question you to answer.

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Writing (continued)

• 3. Purpose of paper is to
• investigate and inform.
• 4. Depending on length, you may have to narrow
  your topic.
• Example Alcoholismchildren and
  alcoholism.children of alcoholic
  parentsnegative educational outcomes for
  children with alcoholic parents

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Writing (continued)

• 5. Think of 2-5 sub-questions or sub-issues
  related to main question. These will end up as
  major sub-headings for your paper, which are bold
  and flushed left, as seen on this slide (provided
  by instructor).
• 6. Start to look for sources books, journal
  articles.
• - can look on EBSCO (link on CSI library
  page)
• - can use magazine articles, but not as
  professional as journal articles.

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Writing (continued)

• 7. Read material, take notes or highlight as you
  go. Make note of which section material might
  fit. Direct quotes, phrases, statistics, and
  facts are cited in paper.
• 8. To avoid plagiarism, read information, close
  book, article, and/or website then, write from
  memoryno citation needed.

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Create and Fill In Outline

• 8. Begin outline.
• I. Introduction (thesis statement)
• A. Sub-Heading 1
• B. Sub-heading 2
• II. Conclusion

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Fill In Outline

• Flesh out with your notes.
• As you begin to write (or type), look at each
  sub-heading as a block.
• Each block able to stand on its own lead in to
  next sub-heading, using the sub-heading.
• General rule two paragraphs of material per
  subtitle.

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Technical Writing Style

• Write using personal pronoun (we) instead of
  third person (the author reviewed) or use first
  person (I willas the sole author of the paper).
• Use active voice as much as possible
• avoid using which, may be,
• may mean.
• Use more definitive words indicates,
• or take out qualifiers.

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Precise Wording

• Research requires precision in reporting results
• TOO VAGUE Studies indicate children are often
  afraid of the dark.
• What age children? How long is often?
• Studies indicate children aged 5-7 express fear
  of the dark 50 of the time. or etc.

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Precise Wording

• If sources give specific measurements, locations,
  etc., be sure to include these dont gloss over
  details.
• Word Choice Make sure every word means exactly
  what you want it to mean (no slang or evasive
  phrases).
• Example The word feel could be substituted for
  think or believe at times, but not acceptable in
  technical writing.

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Indicating Gender

• If singular, proper usage is he or she.
• If possible, make into a plural.
• Example Steelworkers had difficulty in
  performing the tasks assigned to them.
• NOT A steelworker had assigned to
• him (or them).

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Terms

• Supporting points are developed with ideas from
  the writers readings, own experience, knowledge,
  or observation
• ?Supporting details and examples are used to
  explain 15 educational terms
• Terms are bold and underlined the first time they
  are used in the essay.
• Terms must be fully explained

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Commas are used

• To separate three or more items (words or
  phrases) in a list
• They sent us notebooks, pens, pencils, and
  rulers.
• To separate independent clauses linked by a
  conjunction
• If each clause makes sense on its own, use a
  comma.
• The Queen will arrive today, and the King will
  arrive on Monday.
• To separate introductory words, phrases or
  clauses
• However, I think we need a change.
• In general, we work a four-day week.

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Commas are used

• To separate a dependent clause from an
  independent clause, starting with a verb (make
  sure to insert the subject)
• Having a teacher who is well acquainted with
  learning styles, this can help tremendously.
• While studying subjects like math, it would be
  better to ability group the students.
• To separate if-then statements and qualifying
  words beginning a statement
• If I wait for the students to continue, they will
  be more successful.

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Semicolon

• The market reached 900 points the dollar
  continued to rise.
• Before a second clause starting with an
  introductory word
• The company needs more staff however, they must
  be qualified
• To separate clauses or phrases already containing
  commas 
• At the meeting were Mr. Davis, chairperson Ms.
  Thompson, company secretary and Mr. Peters,
  sales director.

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Colon are used

• Before a statement that explains, enlarges or
  summarizes
• We need to find a solution one that will solve
  all our problems.
• Before a list (these may be written as dot
  points)
• I have three duties dictation, typing, and
  filing.
•  

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Editing marks on papers
new paragraph add a new word, paragraph, or
punctuation take out a word, paragraph, or
punctuation
W/C change a word word choice SP
spelling Frag. Fragment of a
sentence Run on Sentence uses improper
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Editing Marks of Paper

• Sentence usage improper
• sentence needs punctuation
• change capital case to small
• change small case to capital
• awkward sentence structure

Punct
Awk
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More Resources

• www.apastyle.org
• http//owl.english.purdue.edu/
• workshops/
• www.refworks.com/refworks